Epi Exam 2 Flashcards
(271 cards)
1
Q
HACCP is required for what facilities?
A
- Meat
- Seafood
- Juice
Applies to almost any step in the production chain “farm to fork”
1
Q
Which gram neg. seafood pathogen is most common and is transmitted to humans by ingestion of improperly cooked seafood/oysters and by direct skin contant with infected water?
A
Vibrio vulnificus + parahaemolyticus
1
Q
What is the CAC?
A
Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)
- Intergovernmental body that coordinates food standards at the international level
- Main objectives are to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in food trade
- Used by governments to determine and refine policies and programs under their national food control system
2
Q
How are humans infected by WNV?
A
Primarily through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
Also through blood, lab exposure and breast milk.
there is NO EVIDENCE of humans being infected through handling dead/ill birds
2
Q
What is the most common cause of foodborne illness?
A
Norovirus
2
Q
What is most important way to prevent norovirus infection?
A
Proper preparation, cooking and handling of food
Also sanitation, water treatment, personal hygiene
3
Q
Bites from __________ animals NEVER pose a rabies threat
A
non-mammalian
3
Q
T/F: TB reactors cannot be slaughtered for any form of human consumption due to the risk of zoonosis.
A
False
TB reactors are considered “suspect” and have a extra postmortem inspection.
Once TB infected tissue is removed, the remainder of the carcass may be only passed for human food that is COOKED
3
Q
Norovirus infections provide _____ cross protection to other strains
A
poor
4
Q
T/F: people believe that nutrients are lost by pasteurization and that pasteurization causes milk allergies….
A
true…
4
Q
What is the case definition of Hep A?
A
- CS/ jaundice/elevated serum aminotransferase
AND
- Positive IgM or epidemiological link to confirmed case
5
Q
What should you do if your poultry meat is contaminated?
A
trim and wash with chlorinated water if possible; otherwise, condemn
5
Q
What foodborne bacterial infection cause hemolytic uremic syndrome?
A
STEC E.coli O157:H7
6
Q
These are all things that the _______ Meat Inspection does
- Ensure that food products are free of foodborne pathogens
- Antemortem & Postmortem inspection
- HACCP and risk based approaches to reducing pathogens
- Clearly label foods that pass inspection
- Minimize contamination during processing
- Monitor for drug residues and pathogens
A
Federal
7
Q
Rickettsia felis can maybe cause ________-like illness in humans and survives in a cat-flea cycle.
A
typhus
8
Q
What inherited syndrome in pigs is characterized by malignant hyperthermia in response to stress that affects survival and meat quality?
A
Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS)
9
Q
What are the 5 National Food Control Components?
A
- *1. Food Law and Regulations**
- *2. Food Control Management-** consist mostly of USDA and FDA
- *3. Inspection Services- USDA-FSIS & FDA (80%)**
- *4. Laboratory Services:** Food Monitoring and Epidemiological Data- USDA & FDA
- *5. Information, Education, Communication and Training**
11
Q
Rocky Mounted Spotted Fever (Richettsia rickettsii) is transmitted by __________________ in the USA
A
BOTH species of Dermacentor
11
Q
What are some examples of corrective actions that could be taken if a cooking temperature is not met in a HACCP facility?
A
- Check that the thermometer is working (he repeated this ALOT)
- Pull the batch until the problem is resolved
- Repeat the cooking step
11
Q
T/F: TB positive animals can be passed with restrictions if the lesions are localized, ecapsulated/calcified and trimmed from the carcass
A
True
11
Q
What is unique about the intoxication by C. perfringens?
A
Toxins form in the GI tract, not in the food prior to ingestion
12
Q
In the USA, do abattoirs monitor for Trichinella spiralis
A
Nope, they assume consumers are educated and know to cook meat
13
Q
Ixodes ticks must be attached for > ____ hours to transmit lyme disease
A
>48 hours
13
Q
Persons _____years of age have the highest risk of presenting with severe WNV symptoms
A
>50 years
_______
1/150 people get neuroinvasive signs
20% of people have mild febrile illness
80% of humans are asymptomatic
13
Animal suspected of having diseases or conditions that would make part or all of the carcass unfit for food that need a detailed postmortem inspection are considered _____ animals
Suspect
13
Can "Downer Cattle" be slaughtered?
Nope, they have a higher probability of being infected with BSE prions
13
What does it mean for a meat to be adulterated?
Including an added, foreign or interior substance, that _cannot_ be removed by trimming
13
What is the best way to reduce meat-associated parasitic diseases?
Cook meat thoroughly!
----
Also:
* Avoid food animal exposure
* Meat inspection
* Freezing (some parasites)
* Hygeine
14
What is the main causative agent of Cat scratch disease?
***\*\*Bartonella henselae\*\****
14
When clinical signs are present in an animal at the slaughter house, what generality determines if the animal is "suspect" vs "condemned"?
_Suspect_- signs indicate a **localized disease**
_Condemned-_ signs indicate a **generalized disease**
15
What are SRM? What do they include at all ages? and if \>30 months?
\*\*\*\* IMPORTANT\*\*\*\*
SRM **= specific risk matrial** that are defined as "**inedible**" based upon **risk of BSE transmission** to human
**_All ages:_ tonsils and distal ilium**
_\>30 months:_ brain, skull, eyes, terminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertenral column, dorsal root ganglia
15
Define Food Control
Mandatory regulatory activity of enforcement by national or local authorities to provide consumer protection, wholesomeness, safety, quality and accuratly labeled products.
16
T/F: Raw milk sale is legal in the USA
False! It is illegal in some states. Some "Cow-shares" can bypass the law if milk is used for own consumption.
17
What obligate parasitic protozoa, that are vectored by insects, infect **dogs** in the USA?
*Leishmania infantum* and *T. cruzi* (Chagas disease)
18
What causes 30% of chronically infected humans to develop heart disease and 10% of chronically ill humans to develop megaesophagus/colon?
*Trypanosoma cruzi* in southern AMERICA
19
spillover hosts (humans, equids, cattle) of rabies have _______ transmission
**inefficient**
but still possible
19
Which tapeworm causes minor bloating & anemia after ingestion of raw infected fresh water or anadromous fish: Ceviche, sushi, pickled herring? how is it prevented?
***Diphyllobothrium latum***
prevent via **cooking or freezing** fish at appropriate temp and time
20
T/F: WEEV is rare in humans and equids and causes similar clinical signs to EEEV, but are less severe/common
true
21
In EEEV, _______ cases often appear ~ 2weeks before humans
equine
\_\_\_\_\_\_
Begin with fever, lack of appetite and lethargy
– Progresses to various degrees of excitability and then drowsiness, ultimately ending in paresis, seizures and coma in fatal cases (5-‐10 day course)
22
Babesia's life cycle is between which two hosts?
Small rodents and ticks (Ixodes spp.)
Other species, such as dogs, can contract the disease and have a hemolytic anemia.
23
How do humans become infested wth *Cuterebra?*
**Broken skin, intact skin, and mucous membranes**
\_\_\_\_
uncommon in humans
enzootic in USA and southeast canada in dogs, cats and rabbits
23
What pathogen is the second largest cause of death from boodborne dz in the US?
***Toxoplasma gondii*** - cause issues in healthy, immunocompromised and pregnent women
24
What diseases do Ixodes ticks transmit? What is their distributionin the USA?
(1) ***Borrelia burgdorferi*** - lyme disease
(2) ***Anaplasma phagocytophilum*** - similar to lyme
(3) ***Babesia***- hemolytic anemia
See map for distribution. All of these disease are increasing
24
Does the AVMA support breed bans to prevent biting?
NOPE
24
Animals are considered immunized ____ days after their first rabies vaccine
28
24
Critical limitsfor each CCP must be able to be \_\_\_\_\_
measured (ie. temp, time)
25
How do you prevent/control mosquito borne-disease?
Larvae control
Source Reduction (reduce standing water)
Adulticide
Public Education
25
How are humans and livestock infected with T. gondii?
People: (1) eating oocytes in litter soil, contaminated food/water (2) Eating bradyzoite in undercooked meat (3) Vertical
Livestock: (1) eating oocyst (2) eating bradyzoite in rodents, birds and other animals (food contamination)
26
These 4 roles are part of what veterinary service agency?
1. **Management-** policy development, risk assesment, auditing
2. **On Farm Food Safety Programs-** health and hygeine
3. **Meat Inspection Programs**- direct inspection, supervision, HACCP
4. **Certification of products for international trade**
USDA-FSIS
27
What are the regulations of seafood?
\*\* Learning objective\*\*
* **FDA**- limited, gives "warning"
* **HACCP** is _required_ for all USA seafood plants
* **Dept. of Commerce (NOAA)** - voluntary seafood inspection program
* **Pulblic Health services** - can close waters
27
How is swine cysticercosis prevented?
Target vehicle (treat and educate humans) & human sewage management
28
What are the enzootic and epizootic reservoir hosts of VEEV?
enzootic: rodents
epizootic: horses
-----
Mosquitoes are biological vectors
29
Canine rabies may be eliminated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mass dog vaccination!
29
Define Food Safety
prevent hazards from entering and remove/reduce hazard from the food chain to ensure food safety.
Consist of pre-harvest and post-harvest components.
30
Which intoxication bacteria is associated with improper canning of food?
Clostridium botulinum
31
In what species is electricity used for stunning of animals? What happes if there is excessive amps?
Calves, sheep, goats, swine, cattle (rare)
excessive amps --\> petechial hemorrhages --\> condemned
32
What is a typical mosquito life cycle?
E-L-P-A
---
34
Reservoir hosts (Carnivora and Chiroptera) of rabies have _______ interspecies transmission/maintenance
sustained
35
Why are there no human cases of Leishmania infantum in the USA?
no vector (sandfly) - it is a TROPICAL disease
35
*Trypanosoma brucei* isTransmitted by
bite of ________ flies in **Africa**
**tsetse**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
causes sleeping sickness in humans and cattle that can last for years and ends in death
T. b. rhodesiense – cattle are primary reservoir; causes fast onset acute trypanosomiasis in humans
35
These are objective to what process?
* Protect public health
* Consumer confidence
* Surveillance of animal health problems
* Improved access to international export markets
Meat Inspection
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a leading cause of postmortem condemnation due to neoplasia
Epithelioma / Squamous cell carcinoma
35
What is the difference between the typical symptoms of foodborne intoxication and infection?
* _Intoxication_
* rapid onset- 30 mins to hours
* duration - 1-2 days
* Damage enterocytes
* EXCEPTION - botulism toxin= neurotoxin
* _Infection_
* ****onset- several hours to days
* duration- several days
* enterotoxin production --\> watery diarrhea
* some kill enterocytes --\> dysentery, fever and septicemia
36
What are the clinical signs of Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella) in immunocompetent and immunocompromised people?\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*
* **Immunocompetent adults = fairly mild disease**
* – Fever + lymphadenopathy of draining LN
* – Papule often seen at site of bite/scratch
* – Can last a few months if untreated
* **Immunocompromised people = severe!!!!**
* – Bacillary angiomatosis
* – Chronic fever
* – Endocarditis, hepatitis, encephalitis …
36
T/F: **Grade A milk i**s defined and regulated by **Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO)**. This is revised every other year by at the **NCIMS** with representatives of the **FDA, USDA**, State govt, local gov't, dairy industry and academia
true!
38
When is carbon dioxide used to stun animals? what species is it used in?
It is used to depopulate pigs and chicken farms
Can also be used in swine, sheep and calves
39
Animals being boostered for rabies after one year of their initial vaccine are consided immunized \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
immediately
40
T/F: The pre-exposure rabies vaccine is protective against **all** species/genotypes of Lyssavirus that cause rabies
FALSE! it is ineffective against several bat and foreign rabies viruses.
40
What are the benefits of pasteurization of milk?
Destroys pathogens (Coxiella burnetii etc.)
Inactivates enzymes in milk (lipase)
Enhances shelf life
41
Where is Amblyomma americanum located? What zoonotic diseases does it transmit?
_Transmits_:
(1) ***Ehrlichia chaffeensis** & E. eqingii* - infecrs humans and dogs
(2) *Panola Mt. Ehrlichia*- infects humans and goats
(3) **Tularemia/*Francisella tularensis*** *-*infects rabbits and humans
41
What dermatophytosis is most common in the developed world? Which animals spread it to people?
***Microsporum canis***
Usually spreads form **cats** (asymptomatic carriers) to **dogs** and to humans
-
41
These are all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_inspection legands
USDA
41
What is the reservoir of Bacillus cereus? What are the two clinical presentations?
SOIL!
Enteric Form (vomiting) and Diarrhea form
42
Untreated, infected ______ can serve as "domestic sources of infected ticks
dogs
43
How do humans and animals develop cysticercosis?
**Ingestion of human (DH) feces!**
---------
People get this by consuming tape worm eggs (T solium only)
Cattle, sheep, pigs get cysticercosis by consuming tapeworm eggs from human feces
45
What makes up 59% of veterinarian and vet staff workmans comp claims?
bite wounds
45
Which **nematode** causes **tingling in throat,** coughing up worms, acute abdominal pain (mimic appendicitis, crohns and stomach cancer) that is acquied by ingestin **crustaceans, fish or squid** worldwide?
Anisakis spp.
45
What virus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children around the world?
Rotavirus
+++ in winter
47
After exposure, Wild mammalian carnivores or bats that are not available or suitable for testing for rabies should be regarded as ____ animals
rabid
49
What should you do if a rabies vaccinated dog/cat/ferret bites a human?
Quarantine animal for 10 days with daily exams, have a veterinarian exam the animal at beginning and end of quarantine
If symptomatic= euthanize & test
50
How are humans infected with Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella)?
bitten or scratched by an infected cats
52
What are signs of a effective captive bolt/gun shot stun?
* Animal immediately collapses
* Becomes rigid with forelimbs extended for 10-‐20 seconds followed by involuntary kicking movements then relaxation
* Eyes will be central and fixed
* No corneal reflex
* No rhythmic breathing
* Heart beat will continue for some time
53
What food does the USDA regulate?
Meat, poultry
catfish
egg products
_imported_ shell eggs
54
What causes a self-limiting superficial fungal skin infection in humans that is transmitted by direct contact and through spores on fomites with abraded skin?
**Dermatophytosis (“Ringworm”)**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
introduced into abraded skin
requires a strong CMI response to recover
Microsporum canis is most common in the developed world
55
What are the two groups of zoonotic diseases that *Borellia* causes & what are their vectors?
–Lyme disease type = Ixodes spp. hard ticks
–Relapsing fever type = soft ticks
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes mild rashes (compared to *sarcoptes*) in humans. Although humans are highly susceptible, this pruritic rash usually stops once the animal is treated.
*Cheyletiella* spp. - Walking dandruff
57
T/F: only some dogs, cats, ferrets and horses should be vaccinated for rabies
False! **All** should be legally vaccinated
-----
only some livestock (valuable, in contact with people) should be vaccinated
58
True or False
Mites and Ticks are Insects
FALSE
Insects = 6 legs
Mites/Ticks (Acari)= 8 legs
58
Rabies virus is present in saliva late in infections is usally transmitted to susceptible host by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
bite wounds
60
How do humans get taeniasis?
**Eating undercooked meat with tapeworm cycst**
**----------**
Develop adult stage tapeworms within the intestinal tract
61
What is the most common pathogen in dog bites?
***Pasteurella***
\_\_\_\_
(only 3-18% of wounds get infected)
Others: *Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Neisseria*
61
What are 4 poultry-specific diseases that lead to a carcass being condemned?
* **Chlamydia psittaci** (chlamydiosis, etc.) – Zoonotic! lung congestion, cardiac enlargement, fibrinous exudates
* **Mycobacterium avium (**“TB”)
* **Leukosis complex (incl. Marek’s)**
* **Airsacculitis** – condemn if extensive
62
What three groups are most likely to be bitten by a dog?
children \> elderly \> postal service workers
64
Meat can be Passed with\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when the zoonotic risk is minor and can be mitigated by cooking, freezing, etc.
Restrictions
66
All species with rabies present with paralysis of the muscles in the ______ which may present as dysphagia, salivation, "hydrophobia" and may resemble "choke" in cattle
throat
66
Pasteurization if a function of ____ and \_\_\_\_\_
time and temperature
67
What factors determine the incubation period of rabies?
Number of viruses innoculated
vacinity to the head
innervation
68
When do you trim? when do you condemn?
Trim = localized
Condemn= generalized, zoonotic, unappealing
69
What is the main reservoir of *Bartonella henselae?*
**Cats = "Cat Scratch Disease"**
--------------------------------
Most cats are asymptomatic
**Kittens more likely to be shedding bacteria**
More common in warm & humid climates from July- October
70
Rig provides immediate passive immunity to rabies for ___ to ____ days
**7-10 days**
71
Most common etiology of mastitis is \_\_\_
***S. aureus***
Also caused by *Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella,
Mycoplasma spp., Serratia* etc
72
When are children usually bitten by dogs?
when theiris an absence of an able-bodied person to intervene (87%)
74
T/F: WEEV requires an additional bridge mosquitoe,
**False.** WEEV only requires *Culex tarsalis.* No additional mosquito is needed.
75
Lyme disease is vectored by *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* ticks and its reservoir is usually \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It is NOT reservoired by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which only carry/transport the tick
Lyme disease is vectored by \_\_***_Ixodes spp._***\_ ticks and its reservoir is usually \_**_sylvantic rodents_**\_\_.
It is NOT reservoired by \_**_deer_**\_, which only carry/transport the tick
75
WNV is maintained in a mosquito-‐\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-‐mosquito cycle
bird
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Primarily transmitted by Culex spp. mosquitoes
Birds maintain viremia for 1-‐4 days post exposure
75
What is the term to describe an Animal is bought by plant operator, subject to passing inspection. Seller is only paid for those parts passing inspection.
Subject to Inspection
76
T/F: contact with blood, urine, and feces are not considered exposures to rabies
**true**- only if through bite or non-bite routes (organ transplant, aerosol, butchering carcass, unpasteurized milk)
77
What is the distribution of Chikungunya? How is it transmitted?
mosquito vectored
Typically “lives” in Asia, Africa, and the Indian Subcontinent,
BUT it recently spread to St. Marten and then spread from there
79
These are the 7 steps for what program?
## Footnote
1. **Analyze hazards.**
2**. Identify** critical control points (CCP)
3. Establish **preventive measures** **with critical limits** for each CCP
4. Establish procedures to **monitor** the CCP
5. Establish **corrective actions** to be taken.
6. Establish procedures to **verify that the system is working.**
7. Establish effective **_recordkeeping_** to document the system.
\*\*\*HACCP \*\*\*
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the single most important global animal reservoir of rabies (\>95% of human cases)
the domestic **dog**
**-----**
**Wildlife** (racoons, foxes, skunks, mongoose, bats) are important, especially in developed countries, such as Europe and North America, where dog prevention programs are highly effective
82
How is cats scratch disease transmitted between cats?
Cat fleas
83
To reduce DFD meat, what should you do?
1. Ensure adequate muscle glycogen
* proper feeding before and during transport
* dont overnight in plant
* more common in summer due to hear
2. Reduce glycogen consumption= reduce stress
* calm, dont mix animals
3. Remove hormonal implants
84
In the USA, majority of human rabies is caused by _____ varient of rabies virus
**bat**
\_\_\_\_
the minor bite wound of a bat aredifficult to detect and people often sleep through exposure. It is usually diagnosed post-mortem (without known exposure history, doctors dont consider rabies...)
85
Leishmania is transmitted by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
sand flies!
87
When will you condemn or trim a liver for human food?
* Condemned for human food if:
* – Abscesses
* – Fasciolosis
* – Cirrhosis
* – Contamination with dirt, feces
* – Hydatid cyst, Echinococcus granulosus
* Parasitic scars may be passed after trimming
* Fatty liver may be passed for food (depending on appearance)
88
When should you trim or condemn tissues with Taenia spp.?
* *Taenia saginata*
* Trim w/ restictions= localized
* Condemn= extensive
* *Taenia solium*
* condemn = extensive \*\* most common\*\*
* trim w/ restriction = localized (rare)
89
Which shellfish toxin is associated with the finoglagellate that causes red tides?
**Paralytic** Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
90
If a animal is currently vaccinated for rabies, what is the protocol after exposure?
Immediatly revaccinat and have 45 day at home observation.
Euthanize & test if symptoms occur
90
What are two reasons to preform an antemortem inspection of livestock?
* Keeps ill animals out of food chain
* Reduces contamination of abattoir
91
What are the standards for Grade A milk?
Cooled to 7C (45F) within 2 hrs
Certain Somatic Cell Count & Bacterial count
No drug residues
93
How do you prevent rabies in humans after exposure?
_Wound care:_ clean with soap and water irrigate wound with virucidal agent (ie. iodine)
_Previously vaccinated_: vaccine on day 0 & 3
_Unvaccinated_: Immune globulin infiltration into wound on day 0 and vaccination on day 0, 3, 7, and 14
94
What is the common reservoir of S. aureus?
human skin
\*\*\* Most common foodborne intoxication\*\*\*
only one that does NOT form spores
95
Who is the reservoir for *Leishmania infantum?*
Domestic dogs
-----
vector= sandfly
causes visceral leishmaniasis
95
What is the difference b/w traditional and risk based meat inspection?
**_Traditional_**- sensory/organoleptic inspection of all carcasses. Does not detect high risk, microscopic pathogens.
**_Risk Base-_** EVIDENCE BASED targeted reduction and prevention of high risk pathogens to reduce the burden of foodborne disease.
96
What are the 3 main places that *Babesiosis* occurs in the USA?
New england, Wisconsin, Minnesota
98
What process removes sediment from milk by pumping milk through a centrifugal device to remove large particulate matter
(ie Removes dirt, straw, blood, somatic cells, manur)
BUT Does _not_ remove bacteria
Clarifier
99
T/F: Hand rubs are not very effective against protozoans, non-enveloped virsus and organic debree
**True,** you should wash your hands with soap and water
100
Meat producers must abide by the ________________ Act if they wish to ship products between states
**_Federal_** Meat Inspection
101
What is the average incubation period of rabies?
1-2 months (can range from weeks to years)
103
The poultry products inspection act ensures poultry is .... (3 things)
wholesome, not adulterated, and labeled properly
105
**T/F:** Screw worms are aggresive obligate myiasis parasites that are erradicated from the USA
**TRUE- Screwworms are tropical**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
New world = Cochliomyia hominivorax
Old world = Chrysomya bezziana
105
What is the importance of lymph nodes in meat inspection?
Filter disease and are the first tissues to become visible affected by organisms or toxins
eg. abscesses, caseous lymphadenitis
106
What two species are especially vulerable to bruising during transport?
sheep and pigs
107
Which of the following diseases tranmitted by Amblyomma is NOT zoonotic?
## Footnote
* A. E. chaffeensis*
* B. E. eqingii*
* C. Panola Mtn. Ehrlichia*
* D. E. canis*
*E. canis* is NOT considered zoonotic
(see map to remind you of distribution of tick)
109
Which animal is vulnerable to suffocation during transportation?
Pigs
111
What ticks transmit *Francisella tularensis* ? Who is affected by the disease?
_Tick_: **Dermacentor** (variabilis & andersoni) and **Amblyomma americanum**
_Affects_: animals **(rabbits) and humans and cats**
Causes **fever and glangular disease** at site of bite, as well as severe l**ife-threatening** forms....
CAN ALSO GET BY **DIRECT CONTACT** WITH CARCASS
Common in **Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas**
113
**T/F**: Facultative myiasis parasites can develop on either _alive or dead_ tissue
True
114
Which neurotoxin is prodcued by dinoflagellates and accumuates in ooysters, clams and mussels and causes numbness, tingling and GI upset 1-3 hours after consumption?
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning
115
What is the difference b/w "Dark Firm Dry" and "Pale Soft Exudative" meat? what species is each most common in?
* *_Dark Firm Dry_*
* **Cattle**
* **Pre-mortem** depletion of muscle glycogen
* **Reduced lactic acid** --\> high pH --\> spoilage & firm
* **Downgrades** carcass and passed for human consumption - does not affect all of the carcass
* *_Pale Soft Dry (PSE)_*
* **Swine**
* **POSTmortem** depletion of muscle glycogen
* **accumulation of lactic acid**--\> low pH --\> lose water-binding abilities --\> moist.exudative meat
* **Condemned** at postmortem insp.
117
What **chemical contaminant** causes **neurological signs** (ataxia, blindness, deafness), is concentrated up the marine food chain, and highest in oily predatory fish?
Methylmercury
118
What is the Geographic Distribution of WNV ?
120
How can you prevent dog bites?
1. learn about suitable **dog breed** for your householf
2. **never leave a child alone with** any dog
3. **spay/neuter**
4. properly **socialize and train dogs**
5. **avoid direct eye contact**
6. dont approach unfamiliar dogs
7. **dont disturb dogs** while eating, sleeping or caring for puppies
8. do not take objects away from dogs
9. exercise caution with painful and sick dogs
10. do not allow kids to feed dogs
11. Dont be dumb
121
What is the clinical presentation of rotovirus?
Children less than 36 months of age with acute diarrhea
winter
temporary lactose intolerance
122
Which fish toxin is found in/on tuna, mackerel, bonito, mahi mahi, marlin, & bluefish and is due to the bacterial convertion of histidine to histamine?
**Scombrotoxin:** Histamine Fish Poisoning
---
sudden onset (2 min - 2 hours)
Self-limiting
prevention = proper handling - cooking/freezing will not inactivate histamine
123
T/F: Rabies causes a viremia, so you can be infected by contacting blood
**FALSE** - there is NO viremia.
---------------------------
The virus is neurotropic and enter peripheral nerves at the site of the wound. It travels via retrograde flow (to the brain) and centrifugal flow (to innervated organs & salivary glands) in the axoplasm of nerves
125
WNV is Primarily transmitted by _____ spp. mosquitoes
*Culex*
126
Which Equine Encephalitis Virus is most fatal in horses?
**EEEV: 90% fatal**
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
**VEEV: with some strains (reportable)**
**WEEV: 20-40%** fatal
Cause **encephalitis and/or febrile disease** in both horses and humans
127
In which species is animals branded "B" for brucellosis infection not slaughtered for consumption? in which species is the meat considered safe?
not slaughtered/destroyed= goats
Safe= cattle and pigs
129
Where is the plague (Yersinia pestis) found in the USA? what is the vector?
Found in **_New Mexico,_ Arizona and Colorado** (see map)
Vectored by the oriental rat flea , which is primarily on rats, but can go to animals and humans
131
Who are the primary reservoirs of Taenia saginata? How is the disease prevented?
primary reservoir= humans
Prevention = meat inspection, proper cooking of meat, proper sewage treatment, prevent human fecal contamination of cattle food/pastures, treat people with tapeworms
132
Why are outbreaks of norovirus often large?
* Multiple potential modes of transmission
* Prolonged asymptomatic shedding at high levels
* Environmental stability of the virus
* Lack of persistent cross-‐protective immunity
134
What consists of the SPS aggrement?
SPS = Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement
* Agreement signed when nations join the WTO
* Apply measures to **protect human, animal and plant life and health**
* Only apply measures that are **based on science**
* Standards are made by the:
* Animal Health: World Animal Health Org **(OIE)**
* Food Contro**l: Codex** Alementarius Commission (CAC)
136
Where are Dermacentor spp. distribution in the USA? What zoonotic disease does it vector?
**EVERYTHWERE** - maps of different Dermacentor species overlap
_Vectors:_
(1) ***Rickettsia rickettsii* - RMSF** - causes rash in humans and dogs, can be fatal
(2) Other Spotted-fever group richettsia (~20 species worldwide)
(2) **Tularemia/ Francisella tularensis** - rabbits and humans
138
What is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis?
Testing for the presence of viral antigens in the brain by direct fluorescent antibody tests
----
cell culture is often done as a back up
you should submit the entire head of the animal
139
What Lyssavirus virus is most important?
Rabies virus RABV
140
What animals are affected by **Ciguatera** Poisoning? What produces the toxin?
**people and cats** are affected
**dinoflagellate protozans** produce the toxin
141
What are the typical illness/clinical signs of viral, bacterial and parasitic foodborne illnesses?
* **Viral-** short incubation (except hep A), **vomiting** \>diarrhea, short duration
* **Bacterial**- moderate incubation period, no vomiting and longer duration of **diarrhea**
* **Parasitic**- longer incubation (1-2weeks) and longer illness (\>2 weeks)
142
What separate milk with different amounts of fat based upon centrifugation?
Separator!
143
When are animals examined during the slaughtering process?
Ante Mortem
Post Mortem
144
What very common mosquito borne disease is Anthroponotic?
Malaria *(P. falciparum, P. vivax*)
145
What are the reservoirs of Trichinella? How is it prevented?
_Many reservoirs_= rodents, pigs (T. spiralis), actic cycles, sylvantic cycles
_Prevention_:
* Consumer education - cook meat
* Freeze meat to -15 C for 20 days in some species
* Proper handing of meat
* Dont feed undercooked meat to animals (pigs and dogs)
* Indoor rearing of pigs/dogs
* Rodent control in pig barns
146
What are the natural reservoirs for WEEV and EEEV?
Birds!
-----
Mosquitoes are biological vectors
148
What is a typical fly/Diptera life cycle?
ELPA
149
Duration of illness of hepatitis is several ____ to \_\_\_
weeks to months
(all other viruses have a shorter duration- ie days)
150
Of the two forms of rabies signs, furious and dumb, which is most common in the cat? and which is most common in dogs?
**Furious = Cat**\> dogs
**Dumb= Dogs** \> cats
151
How does batch and continuous-flow pasteurization work?
* *_Batch_**= entire batch is heated and held at temperature for the appropriate length of time
* *_Continuous-‐flow_** = Milk flows through a heated tube, with a carefully monitored transit time and temperature. Faster and Less of a “cooked” flavor than seen with batch methods
153
What is the most important reservoir for hepatitis A?
**People-** shed virus through feces (from bile) for 1-3 weeks before illness (long incubation period) and several weeks after illness
154
How do humans/animals get *Dipylidium caninum* infections?
By ingesting fleas
155
What are reservoirs of Clostridium botulinum?
Soil
Sediments
Intestinal Tracts of fish and mammals
Gills
Honey
156
What are the two steps for humane slaughter (if not kosher/halal)?
1. Stunning (CO2, electricity, captive bolt, firearms)
2. Exsanguination
157
Acording to the federal meat inspecion act, what 4 things must food be?
1. Sanitary
2. Free of pathogens
3. Not adulterated
4. Properly labeled
158
**T/F:** 90+% of people infected with EEEV are asymtomatic. If symptoms occur they range from flu-like to enephalitis to 90% CFR.
FALSE!!!: 90+% of people infected with EEEV are asymtomatic. If symptoms occur they range from flu-like to enephalitis to **_30% CFR._**
\_\_\_\_
there is no specific treatment for EEEV
160
What signalment makes up 70-76% of reported dog bites?
Unneutered male dog
161
Under the PMO, milk may be stored for up to ___ days in
a bulk tank
4
162
Define foodborne illness
Dzes, usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food.
164
What food does the FDA regulate?
- Shell egg safety in the USA
– Milk pasteurization
– Seafood (except catfish)
– Fruits/vegetables
– Processed foods
– Everything else not covered by the USDA
165
T/F: The CDC recommends a community approach to dog bite prevention that focuses on improving the quality of human-‐canine interactions and the care of all canine species
True
166
Why does the AVMA think breed bans dont work (6 reasons)?
1. **Heredity isn’t the only cause** of biting behavior
2. **No reliable denominator** for # of dogs of each breed
3. No correction of **data for repeat biters**
4. **Unreliable reporting** of breed by owners / reports
5. Changing **popularity of breeds** over time
6. Breed bans may cause a **false sense of security**: any breed CAN bite!
168
What is the best way to prevent Hep A?
**Vaccination** (last 20 years)
also target vehicle (feces contamination) and personal hygeine
170
Sentinel surveillance using \_\_\_\_\_\_is effective and is used in some areas to detect VEEV
pheasants
172
,\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ feeds on birds at night, but will feed on humans if birds are absent
Bird mites
173
WEEV occurs at low levels in the West and is most common in _________ areas
farming/irrigated fields
174
Trypanosoma cruzi is Transmitted by\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of
kissing bugs in the Americas
**FECES**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Causes acute followed by chronic disease in dogs and humans.
30% of humans develop heart disease 10% megaesophagus/colon
175
What is the diffrence b/w a sporadic and outbreak foodborne illness?
* **Sporadic**- random, usually unrecognized
* **Outbreak**- two or more cases of a similar illness from a common food. More likely to be recognized
* exception- one case of botulis or listeria is condidered an outbreak
176
Many mites are acquired by \_\_\_\_\_\_
Direct skin contact
177
T/F: Mosquitoes that feed on infected horses acquire the WEEV/EEEV virus
**FALSE!!!** Mosquitoes that feed on infected horses **_DO NOT_** acquire the WEEV/EEEV virus
178
At what temperatures do you want to keep food at?
Below 40 F or Greater than 140 F
179
What is exempt from FMIA regulations?
1. Slaughter of food for own consumption
2. Retail dealers with \>75% of sale to retail cutomers (must meet health department standards)
3. Meat purchased out of the US for own consumption , if not exceeding 50 lbs
4. Wild game - if sold commercially FDA requires it to be from an approved source
181
FSIS inspectors do have the right to immediately halt all slaughter at a plant in cases of _______ violations
egregious (inhumane)
183
What are the components of pre and post harvest food safety?
* _Pre-harvest_ - birth until stunning at slaughter or up to milking/laying eggs
* goal is to reduce load of pathogens in/on the animal
* On farm food safety
* Antemortem inspection at slaughter plants
* _Post-harvest_- stunning/milking/laying to consumption
* post mortem inspection, meat hygeine
184
Rabies virus may be shed in the saliva up to **\_\_\_\_days,** before clinical onset of rabies
10
185
What do you call a meat if it Can be used for human food with restrictions: only if heated, cooked, refrigerated for several days, or added to a comminuted product
Restricted
186
What disease/Etiology is the leading cause of seizure epilepsy in developing world and has a 50-80% death rate without treatment?
**Neurocysticercosis - *Taenia solium***
*--------*
Humans infected by ingestion of HUMAN feces -or- autoinfection if infected with adult (=taeniasis from eating undercooked pork)
187
How are humans infested with *Oestrus ovis?*
Humans infested at mucous membranes (nose, conjunctiva, GI)
188
What has the highest case fatality of any conventional infectious diseases (excluding prions)?
Rabies
190
Define foodborne illness outbreak
The occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food
191
Having materials on the surface – dirty, stained, infected, etc. – that _can_ be removed by trimming is considered a ______ carcass
contaminated
192
What are two obligate parasite protozoa that are transmitted by flies? what are their specific fly vectors?
Sandflies: **Leishmania**
Tsetse flies and Kissing bugs: **Trypanosoma**
193
What disease causes abortion in women who eat unpasteurized milk, some cheeses, unwashed produce and deli meat?
*Listeria monocytogens*
***---------***
Also causes generalized disease (septicemia, meningitis) in immunocompromised people
Flu-like/Food poisening symptoms in most healthy exposed people
195
In what part of the world do 86% of human trichinellosis occur?
Europe - 56% from romania
196
Fleas are considered zoonotic because they...
## Footnote
A. Can cause humans to develop a hypersensitivity to their saliva
B. Transmit the bubonic/septicemic/pneumoni plaque (*Yersina pestis*) to humans
C. Both A & B
D. None of the above
Both A and B
197
When should you euthanize an animal after they have been exposed?
If any animals is legally unvaccinated or if symptoms occur
-------
in some areas/cases, unvaccinated dogs/cat/ferret can be isolated from all contact with both animals and humans
198
What are the top 5 foodborne **bacterial** infections?
1. **Campylobacter jejuni**- intestinal flora in BIRDs and mammals
**2. Salmonella spp**- GI flora, eggs and skin flora in reptiles
**3. E. coli** - GI flora of mammals
4**. Vibrio cholerae** - people and brackish waters
**5. Listeria monocytogenese-** soil, water, animals, dairy
199
When do spillover cycles occur?
spillover= epizootics cycle
They occur when there is an such a large **increased transmission** of the virus b/w the mosquitoe and bird/rodent that it "spills over" to an incidental host (usually dead-end)
----
Dead- End Exception: BOTH horses (common) and humans (rare) with VEEV have high enough viremia to infect mosquitoes
200
Humans are _____ host of Babesia
dead end
201
Humans are ____ host of fly myiases
accidental
202
What is one big differance b/w cattle and swine carcass handling after slaughter?
In swine, you do not remove the skin
203
If you have a patient with febrile illness and muscle aches in an area that has Ixodes spp. BUT the animal comes back negative for lyme, what other tick-borne disease should be on your differential list?
***Anaplasma phagocytophilum***
It has the same vector (ixodes) and distribution as lyme disease.
It also causes similar, but typically less severe, disease as lyme.
It is common for animals to be co-infected with both lyme and anaplasma. Luckly they both respond well to doxy.
204
What are the 4 D's of condemnation of meat?
Dead, Dying, Diseased, Disabled
205
What is OFFS?
"On Farm Food Safety"
"best practices" aimed at reducing pathogen load in animals
Food animal Vets play a central role
Consists of Herd health, biosecurity, feed security, appropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) and animal welfare
206
Borrelia burgdorferi (“Lyme disease”) causes disease in \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**people, dogs and horses**
It causes both acute febrile illness AND chronic disease.
207
What is an indicator of subclinical mastitis?
SCC \>200,000 and decrease production
208
What term Refers to the ultimate handling of a carcass or its parts according to current regulations
Disposition
210
What nematode uses flies (Musca) to transmit its eggs into the conjunctival and lacrimal sacs of humans (and other species)?
*Thelazia* - eyeworm
211
_True or False_
Idexx's SNAP 4Dx Plus is diagnostic for Ehrlichia, Lyme and Anaplasma
**FALSE**
it is NOT diagnostic. It only detects ANTIBODIES, which only indicates past exposure.
212
Ticks and chiggers are acquired from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the environment (usually)
(does not mean thay can also come from other hosts, ie your dog that plays outside)
213
T/F: CCP for HACCP must be point in which intervention is feasible and likely to significantly diminish/eliminate risk
True!
214
What is the worlds most deadliest animal?
Mosquito
215
What should you do if a unvaccinated dog/cat/ferret bites a human?
If unowned - euthanize and test
if symptomatic- euthanize and test
in some areas you can quarentine for 10-days with daily exams and vaccinate on day 10 (prior to release)- this is the max time that shedding can occur before clinical signs present
216
Define Food Quality
attributes that affect a products value. Ensure flavour, tenderness, colour etc.
217
If considering condemnation of meat, When can you hold animal for possible recovery?
Post-‐parturient, until placenta passes (several hours)
218
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_are the most common cause of
foodborne illness
Viruses
220
Pasteurization is currently based on the thermal death of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
***Coxiella burnetii***
221
T/F: Foreign importers into US – must have **standards “equivalent”** to US law OR demonstrate equivalent risk
True
222
T/F: Freezing and cooking scombrotoxin infected fish, kills the bacteria but does not inactivate the histamine
True
223
What is the distribution of EEEV ?
\*\* Learning Objective\*\*
224
What are the clinical features and prevention measures of **Tetrodotoxin: Pufferfish poisoning**?
vasopressive and neurotoxin --\> paralysis --\> asphyxiation
Prevention: (1) aquacultured pufferfish are poisen free (2) Avoid liver, ovaries and skin
225
Relapsing-fever group *Borellia* is _______ and ______ by soft ticks
**Vectored AND Reservoir'ed**
227
What is the difference of people infected with hepatitis A in high endemicity regions compared to low endemicity region?
* _High Endemicity_- entire population is infected as **children** with **minimal clinical disease**
* _Low Edemicity-_ **adults** are more susceptible and more infections **produce clinical disease**
228
\_\_\_\_\_ rabies virus tranmission has been eliminated in the USA
Dog
229
_Chiggers are considered zoonotic because they_:
a. usually feed on small wildlife, such as rodents and reptiles
b. will attack humans and cause red, itchy bites
c. only transmit scrub typhus (*Orientia tsutsugamushi*) in Southeast Asia
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
230
Should people with high risk of contracting rabies be vaccinated more often?
nope, they should have their titers determine and only be vaccinated if their titer is low.
231
Poultry are stunned by \_\_\_\_\_
electricity
----
their heads are immediatatly cut after
233
Obligate myiasis parasites need \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__(live or dead_) tissue to develop
Obligate myiasis parasites need **LIVE** tissue to develop
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ex. Bot flies and Screwworms
235
In chickens and turkeys, transport increases fecal excretion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Salmonella
236
What is used in a organoleptic inspection?
Sight, feel, smell, hearing
237
What is HACCP?
**_H_**azard **_A_**nalysis and **_C_**ritical **_C_**ontrol **_P_**oint
A system for **_PREVENTING_** contamination of food during processing
* **Identify places (CCP) in the process** of making food where problems (hazards) could occur
* Implement procedures to **prevent that problem from occurring at each critical point**
* Measure to **ensure effectiveness**
238
About how many Lyssavirus species/genotypes cause rabies?
11-12
239
Rabies is dtsributed on _____ continents
ALL (except antarctica)
240
What is the #1 cowside test for mastitis?
California mastitis test (CMT)
241
Which of the following clinical signs are not seen in VEEV?
1. Either febrile or encephalitis disease in horses
2. Peracute death in horses
3. 10% of humans are symptomatic
4. Human symptoms are typically febrine with 1% of adults and 4% of children developing neuro signs
5. Human fatality occurs10% of adults and 35% of children that develop neuro signs
3. 10% of humans are symptomatic
-----
**_100%_** of humans are symptomatic!!
242
What are the 3 forms of Leishmania?
1. **Cutaneous (localized and diffuse)** – Obvious skin reactions & Non-healing ulcer
* rodent= reservoir
2. **Mucocutaneous** – Start off at the bite site –\> Chronic ulcers, very large, disfiguring… can be fatal
3. **Visceral –** Fever, lymphadenopathy, spenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia
243
What caused this? Where is it in the world?
Jigger Flea (Tunga penetrans)
Causes raised white spot with a central black dot due to the feal burrowing into the skin.
Found in Tropicl Africa, South America and WEST INDIES
244
T/F: You should not be worried about blood as a potential source of zoonotic disease
FALSE: new emerging disease can occur and the blood may be human
245
What fly is attracted to open woulds (especially in sheep) and is a facultative myiasis parasite?
***Lucilia sericata***
\_\_\_\_\_\_
found in the USA
very common in sheep, occasionally humans are infested
246
Which virus:
* Foreign to the US!!!!! - REPORTABLE
* Enzootic (sylvatic) transmission is between **rodents and Culex spp**. mosquitoes – Strains are different and not very pathogenic
* Epizootic transmission is associated with **equines, highly pathogenic** strains, and different mosquitoes **(Psorophora spp., Aedes spp., etc**)
* Horses are a key reservoir/amplifying species-- levels in human blood are also high enough to infect mosquitoes
VEEV
247
How is norovirus transmitted?
* Direct **Fecal-oral**
* **Contaminated food** with feces - \* infected food handlers\*
* **Fomites-** last a week on surfaces
248
What are the top 5 foodborn hazards? which result in the most hospitalizations and deaths?
_Most **Common:**_ **Notovirus** \> Salmonella \> Clostridium perfringens \> Camplyobacter\> Staph aureus
_Most **Hospitalization**_**: Salmonella** \> norovirus \> Campylobacter\> Toxoplasma gondii \> E. coli
_Mos**t Death**_**s: Salmonella** \> Toxoplasma gondii \> Listeria monocytogenes \> norovirus \> Camylobacter
249
What is the cause of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning? What food is associated with it?
Toxin: Domoic Acid produced by a **diatom (phytoplankton or algae**)
Vehicle: **oysters, clams, and mussels** on East and west coast of **northern US and Canada**
250
Sarcoptes mites are zoonotic because they:
a. transmit infectious agents that cause severe disease
b. cause intesnse purtritis and rashes in humans
c. are adapted to a specific/preferred host, BUT can still bite other hosts
d. both B & C
e. all of the above
D**. Both B & C are correct**
Sarcoptes is considered zoonotic because they cause intesnse purtritis and rashes in humans & are adapted to a specific/preferred host, BUT can still bite other hosts
251
Poultry products are Inspected for _____________ during meat inspection
Wholesomeness
252
Public Health Veterinarian (PHV) Make a DISPOSITION at inspection. This disposition of animals is directed by criteria that are found in the ___ and ______ Inspection Regulations
Meat and Poultry Inspection Regulation
---
The disposition is a porfessional issue and should be made with dispatch, confidence and consistency.
253
What is the **extrinisc incubation period?**
Number of days it takes a pathogen to develop in the mosquito and become infectious after itis acquired
------
depends upon the pathogen, mosquito and temperature
disease is acquired by the mosquito via blood meal
254
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ requires a "bridge" mosquito (*Aedes*) for the epizootic cycle to occur between birds and the incidental hosts (horses, humans, swine, ratites)
**EEEV**
-------
Epizootics tend to be self-‐limiting, and usually occur within a few miles of an enzootic swamp habitat
Incidental hosts are dead-‐end
255
T/F: Pountry is covered by the FMIA
False! It is covered by the **PPIA**
256
An animal with TB is condemned if lesions are .... (3 things)
active, extensive or in multiple tissues
257
True or False
There is no vaccine for EEEV in horses
False! There is a equine vaccine
258
What is the difference b/w penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolts for stunning animals?
Penetrating - bolt enters cranium/brain
non-penetrating = causes concussion --\> less contamination (preferred)
259
What should you do with a bruised carcass?
Localized = trim
Associated with systemic change= condemn
260
What is the reservoir of C. perfringens?
Soil
Sediments
Intestinal Tracts of People and Animals
261
What should you do if a carcass is ematiated?
condemn
262
what is the clinical presentation of norovirus?
Acute onset and short duration of vomiting and watery diarrhea
263
\_\_\_% of cat bites become infected.
**80%**
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
*Pasteurella multocida* = gingival flora in ~90% of cats
Mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections
264
T/F: Rotovirus vaccines are an important prevention measure that is given to children at a very young age (2 months) in order to delay the age of infection
True
265
T/F: Intoxication occurs when bacteria colonize in the GI tract
266
Which four bacteria cause intoxication?
* Staphylococcus aureus
* Bacillus cereus
* Clostridium botulinum - neurotoxin
* Clostridium perfringens
267
Which exotic bot fly uses another insect as a "vector" to deliver larvae to humans, cattle, dogs, monkey and swin (not host specific) and is assiociated with travel medicine?
*Dermatobia hominis* - the "human" bot fly
\_\_\_
usually presents as skin nodules
268
What is the WTO role in food safety?
World Trade Organization is the overarching organization that Countries join
Countries that join the WTO sign the SPS agreeing to use the standards set by the Codex and OIE
269
What zoonosis does *Ancylostoma caninum* cause in southern USA?
*Cutaneous larval migrans*
270
What are two common meat preservatives? and does the meat products label have to reflect the presence of chemical additives?
**Polphosphates** (maintain water) and **Nitrates** (preverves red color & bacteriostatic)
**YES,** the labeling must relect the presece of any chemical additives to meat
271
Why is it bad to lose muscle glycogen post/premortem?
Glycogen is coverted to lactic acid which lowers the pH of the muscle and tenderizes the meat.
