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NURS 317 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specific populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states and the application of the knowledge to control the health problem
Infectious diseases

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2
Q

Epidemiology questions

A

To describe, explain, predict and control challenges to population health
How and Why: examine causality and modes of transmission
Who, what, where and when: of disease and causation and distribution patterns

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3
Q

Number one priority in public health

A

disease control

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4
Q

Public Health Nursing role in Epidemiology

A

Frontline in identification of outbreaks
Case management and support for quarantined individuals
Provide education
Responsible for case findings of the contacts

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5
Q

Outbreak

A

sudden occurance of a disease in a community which has never experienced the disease before OR cases occur in more numbers than expected

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6
Q

Epidemic

A

occurance of illness/disease in excess of what would normally be expected in community or region

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7
Q

Endemic

A

a disease occurring regularly within a geographic region

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8
Q

Pandemic

A

A disease affecting large portions of the population throughout the world

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9
Q

Screening

A

secondary prevention - early diagnosis and test to detect presence of disease

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10
Q

Case findings

A

determining individuals whose health statis is at risk

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11
Q

Surveillance

A

constant monitoring of disease to assess patterns and identify events that do not fit the pattern

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12
Q

Primordial

A

how society structures can change the SDoH and the health of an individual
Education, promotion

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13
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

person, place and time variable to describe disease patterns
What/where/when

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14
Q

Analytic epidemiology

A

examines complex relationships among determinants of disease.
Why

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15
Q

Epidemiologic Model (triangle)

A

host, agent and environment (what in the cycle promotes sickness?)

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16
Q

Epidemiologic Variables

A

descriptive factors to describe events

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17
Q

Susceptibility

A

Vulnerability, determines individual response

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18
Q

Pathogenesis period

A

host begins to react to agent to recovery, disability or death

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19
Q

Primary prevention

A

measures alter exposures promote optimal health (health reduction)

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20
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Detect patho process, early diagnosis, screening

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21
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

increased vulnerability/susceptibility, prevent relapse/deterioration (education, rehab, palliation)

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22
Q

Association and Causation

A

connection between stressor and disease/confirmed

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23
Q

Web of causation

A

relationships among influences of health challenge

24
Q

Host (epidemiologic model)

A

human being in which disease occurs
ex. Age, sex, ethnicity, genetic, previous disease/immune system, birth place, marital status, immigration, education, family hx, occupation

25
Agent (epidemiologic model)
contagious/non-contagious force that begins or prolongs a health problem ex. biological/infectious (bacteria, virus, fungi), chemical (smoke, poison, alcohol),physical (heat, cold)
26
Environment (epidemiologic model)
context that promotes the exposure of the host to agent ex. Physical (weather, geography, pollution), Biological (plants, animals, Mico-organisms), Social (neighbourhood, housing, work, education, resources, econ. status, poverty
27
Risk factor
the specific exposure factor. Determines risk
28
Attributable risk
burden of disease in a population based on risk factors
29
Relative risk
the excess risk caused by a risk factor
30
Causality
Determined in terms of association of identified causal factors
31
Criteria for cause and effect relationship
Particular Stressor Time relation Strength of association (stressor) Dose-response relationship Specificity Consistency Biological plausibility Experimental Replication
32
Rates
population proportions or fractions that are used to interpret raw data and to make comparisons and assess trends
33
Rates equation
numerator: number of events Denominator: the population at a specific time period
34
Incident rate
number of new cases of the disease in a given time period
35
Prevalence rate
total number of people who have a disease at any one given time period
36
Morbidity Rates
provides information of population and disease/health challenges over time Offers info on susceptibility of the population and effectiveness of health promotion
37
Prevalence
the number of all cases of a specific disease in a population at a given point in time/relative to the population at risk
38
Incidence
identification of new cases of disease in a population over time/relative to the population at risk
39
Mortality Rates
The ratio of the number of deaths in various categories to the number of people in a given population
40
Crude Rates
compare number of deaths/health event from a specific cause within the entire population (birth, death, age, gender specific rate)
41
infant mortality
birth to one year
42
neonatal mortality
birth to 28 days
43
Maternal death rate
maternal deaths/live births x 100 000
44
Screening
identifies risk factors and diseases in earliest stages high sensitivity and specificity
45
Sensitivity (screening)
ability to test those with diseases (positives)
46
Specificity (screening)
extent to which a test can identify those without the disease (false positives)
47
Surveillance
Ongoing collection of information regarding a health issue Assesses patterns Monitoring changes in disease frequency and trends with risk factors
48
Descriptive Research Method
Person-place-time model (who, when, where)
49
Analytical Research Method
how and why
50
Observational Studies (research method)
cross-sectional/correlation studies present-future examine realtionships between disease and other characteristics of a specific population at one point in time
51
Experimental Studies
Manipulate/controls selected variables Clinical trials
52
Epidemic Curve
Used to identify additional cases that are unrecognized or unreported Graphic display of outbreak with time on the X-axis and number of persons meeting the case definition on the Y-axis Pre-epidemic and epidemic periods are included
53
Epidemic Period
time from the onset of first case to cases under investigation
54
Pre-epidemic period
taken from 12 months prior to the outbreak to avoid seasonal bias
55
Virulence
the severity of illness or disease that it causes in a host
56
Case-control/retrospective studies
Investigate disease by using 2 groups

NURS 317 (8 decks)

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