Epidemiology

Question 1

Increase in the frequency of occurrence of a disease in a population above its baseline, or expected level, in a given time period

Answer 1

Epidemic

Question 2

Epidemics can be classified according to their manner of spread through a population

Answer 2

Common-source, propagated, mixed

Question 3

A group of persons is all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source

Answer 3

Common-source

Question 4

Results from transmission from one person to another

Answer 4

Propagated epidemics

Question 5

Have features of both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics

Answer 5

Mixed

Question 6

Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and application of this study to the control of health problems

Answer 6

Epidemiology

Question 7

Epidemiology is

Answer 7

data-driven

Question 8

Epidemiology draws on

Answer 8

methods from other scientific fields

Question 9

Epidemiology relies on

Answer 9

a systematic and unbiased approach

Question 10

Epidemiology is often described as

Answer 10

the basic science of public health

Question 11

Epidemiology relies on

Answer 11

careful observation and use of valid comparison groups

Question 12

Epidemiology involves

Answer 12

applying the knowledge gained by the studies to community-based practice

Question 13

Types of diseases

Answer 13

Infectious diseases, deficiency diseases, hereditary diseases, physiological diseases

Question 14

Caused by living organisms like viruses and bacteria

Answer 14

Infectious diseases

Question 15

Examples of infectious diseases

Answer 15

1. SARS
2. Influenza
3. Hand, foot, and mouth disease
4. Dengue
5. Hepatitis A

Question 16

Commonly spread by direct contact with respiratory secretions and body fluids of a person

Answer 16

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Question 17

Commonly spread by inhaling respiratory droplets containing the flu virus

Answer 17

Influenza

Question 18

Commonly spread by contact with an infected
person’s nasal or throat discharges or stools

Answer 18

Hand, foot, and mouth disease

Question 19

Commonly spread by bites from an infected mosquito

Answer 19

Dengue

Question 20

Commonly spread by consuming contaminated food, such as raw or partially cooked shellfish

Answer 20

Hepatitis A

Question 21

Caused by the lack of essential nutrients or dietary elements such as vitamins and minerals in the human body

Answer 21

Deficiency diseases

Question 22

Types of deficiency diseases

Answer 22

Vitamin deficiency diseases, mineral deficiency diseases

Question 23

Vitamin A (retinol) deficiency

Answer 23

Night blindness

Question 24

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

Answer 24

Beri-beri

Question 25

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

Answer 25

Retarded growth, bad skin

Question 26

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency

Answer 26

Anemia

Question 27

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency

Answer 27

Scurvy

Question 28

Vitamin D (calciferol) deficiency

Answer 28

Rickets

Question 29

Vitamin K (phylloquinone) deficiency

Answer 29

Excessive bleeding due to injury

Question 30

Calcium deficiency

Answer 30

Brittle bones, excessive bleeding

Question 31

Phosphorous deficiency

Answer 31

Bad teeth and bones

Question 32

Iron deficiency

Answer 32

Anemia

Question 33

Iodine deficiency

Answer 33

Goitre, enlarged thyroid gland

Question 34

Copper deficiency

Answer 34

Low appetite, retarded growth

Question 35

Described as something that “runs in the family"

Answer 35

Hereditary diseases

Question 36

Caused by genetic mutations

Answer 36

Hereditary diseases

Question 37

Caused by mutations in one of the genes that encode the hemoglobin protein

Answer 37

Sickle cell disease

Question 38

Caused by a gene mutation that affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices

Answer 38

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Question 39

A fatal genetic disorder that results in progressive destruction of the nervous system

Answer 39

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)

Question 40

Most common among males, that is characterized by a deficiency in blood clotting leading to abnormal bleeding

Answer 40

Hemophilia

Question 41

Symptoms usually begin in midlife and include uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances, and, eventually, dementia

Answer 41

Huntington's disease

Question 42

Abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle

Answer 42

Muscular dystrophy

Question 43

A condition in which the organs in the body malfunction causes illness

Answer 43

Physiological diseases

Question 44

Inability to produce sufficient insulin, or inability to use insulin properly

Answer 44

Diabetes

Question 45

Abnormal cells multiply in an uncontrolled way and cause tumors

Answer 45

Cancer

Question 46

High blood pressure

Answer 46

Hypertension

Question 47

A whole range of conditions including defects in heart muscles or valves and problems with heart rhythm

Answer 47

Heart disease

Question 48

Occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse

Answer 48

Direct contact

Question 49

Refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors)

Answer 49

Indirect transmission

Question 50

Refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking

Answer 50

Droplet spread

Question 51

Refers to infections caused by animals and insects

Answer 51

Vector

Question 52

How to prevent infectious diseases?

Answer 52

1. Immunize against infectious diseases 2. Wash and dry your hand regularly 3. Stay at home if you are sick 4. Cleaning regularly 5. Prepare food safely 6. Practice safe sex

Question 53

The process of giving a vaccine to a person to protect them against disease

Answer 53

Immunization

Question 54

Why a balanced diet is crucial in preventing deficiency diseases?

Answer 54

For a person's overall health, a balanced diet is highly crucial. This concentrates on supplying all the nutrients the body needs. In addition to micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, it includes macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, and fat. Any dietary imbalance may lead to excess or inadequate intake of certain nutrients. A deficiency disease can result from inadequate intake of a specific nutrient.