Epidemiology

Question 1

What terms are used to describe prevalence and outbreaks?

Answer 1

-Endemic
-Epidemic
-Pandemic

Question 2

Endemic

Answer 2

-a disease is constantly present at relatively low levels in a population
-local, permanent

Question 3

Epidemic

Answer 3

-simultaneous infections of a large number of people in a population
-local, but spreads

Question 4

Pandemic

Answer 4

-a particularly widespread, generally worldwide, epidemic
-everywhere

Question 5

What terms are used to describe the frequency and severity of a disease in a population during some time period?

Answer 5

-Incidence
-Prevalence
-Mortality
-Morbidity

Question 6

Incidence

Answer 6

-is the number of new cases in time period

Question 7

Prevalence

Answer 7

-is the number of total cases, new and existing

Question 8

Mortality

Answer 8

-is the incidence of death in a population

Question 9

Morbidity

Answer 9

-the incidence of disease including fatal and nonfatal diseases
-is the total incidence

Question 10

What do we call a disease that moves from animals to humans?

Answer 10

-Zoonosis

Question 11

What do we call infections that are acquired in health-care facilities?

Answer 11

-Nosocomial

Question 12

Why are these types of infections so common? Patient reasons.

Answer 12

-healthcare facilities treat infectious disease patients
-Multiple patients in the same room
-patients have low resistance to infectious disease
-Certain dugs increase a patients susceptibility to infection
-healthcare personnel move from patient to patient

Question 13

Why are these types of infections so common? Non-patients reason.

Answer 13

-Newborn infants are susceptible to infection
-Surgical procedures expose organs to contamination
-healthcare procedures may breach the skin and introduce infection
-Use of antibiotics has selected for antibiotics-resistant organisms

Question 14

What factors do epidemiologists study in relationship spread and prevalence?

Answer 14

-geographic data
-climatic data
-social data
-demographic data

Question 15

How do the spread of diseases differ when they are due to common-source and host-to-host epidemics?

Answer 15

-common source rise and drop quickly
-host-to-host do so slowly

Question 16

What is herd immunity?

Answer 16

-resistance of a group to infection due to immunity of a high proportion of the group
-If a large percentage of a population is immune, it prevents spread of disease from one infected individual, so other unprotected people are protected.

Question 17

What is Epidemiology for?

Answer 17

-public health
-key is to prevent people from getting sick

Question 18

Epidemiology

Answer 18

-the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinations of health and disease in a population

Question 19

Epidemiology in developed countries

Answer 19

-infectious diseases cause fewer deaths then noninfectious diseases in developed countries
-new diseases are emerging: west Nile fever (mosquitos) and COVID

Question 20

What percent does infectious diseases account for worldwide?

Answer 20

-30%

Question 21

When did the influenza pandemic occur and how did it start?

Answer 21

-Occurred in 1918
-started on an Army base in Kansas and spread when they shipped the soilders overseas

Question 22

What do kids mostly from?

Question 23

Reservior

Answer 23

-is a site in which infectious agents remain viable and from which infection of individuals can occur.
-May be animal, human, or environmental

Question 24

Zoonosis

Answer 24

-is any disease that primarily infects animals, but it occasionally transmitted to humans

Question 25

Can a zoonotic disease be controlled?

Answer 25

-control of a zoonotic disease in the human population may not eliminate the disease as a potential public health problem

Question 26

Why are zoonotic diseases hard to control?

Answer 26

-certain infectious diseases have complex life cycles involving an obligate transfer from a nonhuman host to humans followed by transfer back to the non-human host

Question 27

What disease is an example of why epidemiologists study epidemiology factors?

Answer 27

-California encephalitis

Question 28

Direct host-to-host transmission

Answer 28

-infected individual transmits a disease directly to a susceptible host without the assistance of an intermediary (flu, common cold, STD, and ringworm)

Question 29

Indirect host-to-host transmission

Answer 29

-occurs when transmission is facilitated by a living or nonliving agent -vectors and fomites

Question 30

Fomites

Answer 30

-non-living agents -surface

Question 31

Vectors

Answer 31

-living agents -mosquito

Question 32

Common source epidemic

Answer 32

-usually arises from contamination of water or food

Question 33

host-to-host epidemic

Answer 33

-the disease shows a slow, progressive rise and a gradual decline

Question 34

Example of person to person

Answer 34

-direct contact -indirect contact -airborne droplets

Question 35

Example of vehicle

Answer 35

-waterborne -foodborne -airborne -soilborne -soil aerosol or infected animal

Question 36

Example of vector

Answer 36

-arthropods/insects: mites, ticks, and mosquitos

Question 37

When did filtration and chlorination begin?

Answer 37

-filtration 1906 -chlorination 1913

Question 38

What is a current epidemic?

Answer 38

-AIDS/HIV

Question 39

Ways males get AIDS/HIV

Answer 39

(highest to lowest percentage) -male to male sexual contact -heterosexual contact -injection drug use -male to male sexual contact and injection drug use

Question 40

Ways Females get AIDS/HIV

Answer 40

(highest to lowest percentage) -heterosexual contact -injection drug use -other

Question 41

What happen to measles after the vaccination came out and when did it come out?

Answer 41

-cases decreased -vaccine was licensed in 1963

Question 42

How many nosocomial infectious cases occur a year?

Answer 42

-1,700,00 million