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BIOL 2604 > Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures that pathogens use to adhere to host cells?

A

-capsules
-proteins
-fimbriae
-pili

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2
Q

What environmental factors affect the ability of a pathogen to colonize a host?

A

-pH
-Temperature = 37
-Oxygen = body mostly aerobic
-Nutrients

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3
Q

How is virulence measured?

A

-LD50=Lethal Dose to kill 50% of infected animals

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4
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

-Any protein or cell structure expressed by a pathogen that increased its ability to cause disease
-are things produced by the pathogen that increase its ability to cause disease

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5
Q

What are Exotoxins?

A

-Exo is protein released from bacterial cell that affects host cells
-travels in the host and cause damage elsewhere
-hemolysin
-can lyse other host cells

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6
Q

What are Enterotoxins?

A

-Entero is an exo that works in the intestinal tract (SI)
-causes fluid release (diarrhea)

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7
Q

What are Endotoxins?

A

-Endo is LPS on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
-causes inflammation, fever, diarrhea, cytokine release and excitation of immune cells
-shock -> death

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8
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of the various toxins discussed in class?

A

-Hemolysins
-Botulinum and Tetanus toxin
-Cholera

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9
Q

Hemolysins

A

-Hemolysins lyse cells by acting as lipase or as membrane pore
-lyses red blood cells (RBC)

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10
Q

Botulinum toxin and Tetanus toxin

A

-block neurotransmitter function to cause either inability to contract muscles (BOT) or inability to relax muscles (Tetanus)

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11
Q

Cholera toxin

A

-cholera toxin produces cAMP, triggering cells to block Na uptake and to release CL into intestinal lumen
-Water follows the salt to produce diarrhea

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12
Q

What diseases are caused by Streptococcus species?

A

-Pharyngitis
-Otitis media
-Mastitis
-Impetigo
-Erysipalas
-Scarlet fever
-Rarely necrotizing fasciitis
-Rheumatic fever

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13
Q

How does Borrelia burgdorferi spread and what are the characteristics of its infection of humans?

A

-Tick vector from Deer or mice
-No toxins, just inflammation
-Erythema migrans = red rash spreading from tick bite
-gram negative spirochete
tick must be on human for >24 hours (48 hours)

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14
Q

What is the subclinical zone?

A

-zone where a person shows no symptoms
-or have an asymptomatic infection
-look at graph

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15
Q

When a person no longer shows symptoms does that mean the infection is gone? example?

A

-No, just because a person has no symptoms does not mean the infection is gone
-Malaria

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16
Q

Steps of infection/pathogenesis

A

-exposure
-adherence
-invasion
-multiplication
-toxicity
-invasiveness
-tissue or systemic damage

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17
Q

What is part of the infection process?

A

-adherence
-invasion
-multiplication

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18
Q

what is part of the disease process?

A

-toxicity
-invasiveness
-tissue or systemic damage

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19
Q

What is the first step in the infection process?

A

-exposure

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20
Q

Adherence

A

-to skin or mucosa
-no adherence, no infection
-adhesin
-host receptor

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21
Q

Invasion

A

-through epithelium
-Colonization/Infection
-evade immune system
-find hospitable environment
-acquire nutrients

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22
Q

multiplication

A

-growth and production or virulence factors and toxins
-bacteria need to grow, grow faster than getting killed

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23
Q

Toxicity

A

-toxin effects are local or systemic

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24
Q

Invasiveness

A

-further growth at original and distant sites

25
What are adhesins and host receptors?
-adhesins=substance that adheres -host receptor= adhesin receptor, binds (specifically)
26
Capsules
-pathogenic E.Coli -Streptococcus mutans
27
Proteins
-Streptococcus pyogenes=M proteins bind to respiratory mucosa -Neisseria gonorrhea=Opa protein bind to CD66
28
Fimbriae/Pili
-Neisseria gonorrhea -Salmonella species -Pathogenic E. Coli
29
Lipoteichoic acid
-Streptococcus pyogenes
30
Are Fimbriae sticky?
yes
31
How are vaccines designed?
-create antibodies to block receptors -only effective when the pathogen adherence stays the same
32
When a pathogen invades what nutrients do they need to acquire?
-Iron (Fe) is usually a limiting factor -Human proteins transferrin and lactoferrin tightly bind Fe -Some bacteria can bind these host proteins and acquire iron -some bacteria make their own chelators (siderophores) to trap the limiting iron
33
What bacteria can bind to host proteins and acquire iron?
-Neisseria makes a transferrin receptor protein
34
What bacteria can make their own chelators (siderophores) to trap the limiting iron?
-E. Coli makes Aerobactin that binds iron and returns it to the cell.
35
What is a chelator?
-molecules that have the ability to bind to metal ions and form stable complexes -siderophores are specialized molecules that scavenge for iron from their surroundings
36
Virulence
-a measure of ability to cause disease -how many bacteria does it take to cause an infection
37
Does Streptococcus pneumonia or Salmonella need more bacteria to infect?
-Salmonella needs more which means it has a low virulence
38
How many virulence factor will a single pathogen make?
-multiple virulence factors
39
What are some non-protein toxin virulence factors?
-endotoxin
40
What are some protein toxin virulence factors?
-Exotoxins -Enterotoxins
41
How do exotoxins act?
-cleave membrane lipids (lipases) -forming pores in the membrane and killing the cells
42
What are some examples of extoxins?
-C. botulinum toxin blocks nerve stimulation of muscle contraction: Botulism, flaccid paralysis -C. tetanus toxin causes constant nerve stimulation of muscle contraction: Tetanus (lockjaw)
43
Streptococcus
-Gram-positive cocci in chains -common member of normal flora of upper respiratory tract -pathogenic strains generally produce capsules -broad range of species and strains -everyone has some in their upper respiratory tract
44
When does streptococcus cause a problem?
-you acquire a strain that is not apart of your normal flora and it has a greater virulence than your normal flora -when the flora strains move out of their normal location
45
Streptococcus: Pharyngitis
-strep throat
46
Streptococcus: otitis media
-ear infection
47
Streptococcus: matitis
-mammry glans
48
Streptococcus: erysipelas
-very red skin
49
Streptococcus: necrotizing fasciitis
-flesh eating bacteria
50
Streptococcus: Rheumatic fever
-autoimmune reaction against heart valves due to similar antigens -for life, permanent damage
51
Neisseria meningitidis
-gram negative diplococci -bacteremia -meningitis -rapid progression10% death even with aggressive treatment -common in college student populations -GET VACCINATED
52
Bactermia
-invasion of bloodstream -toxins cause coagulation and interrupted blood flow to extremities
53
Meningitis
-inflammation of the membranes around the central nervous system
54
Borrelia burgdorferi
-grows in many wild animal mammals without clear disease -Lyme disease -common in northeast and Midwest -increase incidences -treatable with antibiotics
55
Why have incidences of Borrelia Burgdorferi gone up?
-increase in reporting -increase deer population -increase human/tick contact
56
What are the symptoms and initial symptoms of Borrelia Burgdorferi?
-Initial=erythema migrans spreads from bite over several days -bulls eye rash -headache, chills fatigue
57
What happens if Borrelia Burgdorferi is untreated?
-arthritis as bacteria invade joints -invasion of NeuroSystems -palsy, facial ticks, weakness
58
Enterotoxin pathway
1. normal ion movement, Na+ from lumen to blood no net Cl- movement 2. Colonization and toxin production by V. cholerae 3. Activation of epithelial adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin 4. Na= movement blocked, net Cl- movement to lumen 5. Massive water movement to the lumen; cholera symptoms -diarrhea
59
what is Enterotoxin and its treatment
-cholera toxin: AB-form toxin -increase amount of cyclic AMP -water with salt

BIOL 2604 (17 decks)

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