Epidemiology

Question 1

Disease specific mortality rate formula

Answer 1

of death from disease/number of population at mid year.

Question 2

what is kappa value and the specific important cutoff

Answer 2

Kappa value is used to determine observer agreement.

0 is no agreement. closer to 1 is good agreement.

Question 3

What is the rate of elder abuse or neglect in the past year

Answer 3

10%

Question 4

What is the pink sheet

Answer 4

a publication of biopharma regulatory, legislative, and business developments

Question 5

What is the orange book

Answer 5

a list product produce by the FDA of approved drugs and their generic equivalents

Question 6

What is the DALY

Answer 6

Measures healthy life lost to disability

Question 7

What is the QALY

Answer 7

Measure of disease burden which include quality and quantity

Question 8

What is the cost - benefit analysis

Answer 8

Determines if the monetary value of an intervention’s consequences exceed the cost and by how much

Question 9

Cost minimization

Answer 9

determines the least costly intervention that will accomplish identical results.

Question 10

What happens to TSH after birth and screening impact

Answer 10

Physiological neonatal tsh surge. TSH rises abruptly 30 60 minutes after birth.

Wait 48 -72 hrs for congenital hypothyroidism screening

Question 11

Absolute risk reduction

Answer 11

Absolute difference in outcome between a treatment and a control group.

Question 12

Formula for Positive predictive value

Answer 12

A/A +B.
Of those who tested positive, how many actually had disease.
Can be determined by population prevalence, sensitivity (D; % (ND)) and Specificity (A)

Question 13

Case fatality formula

Answer 13

Death from disease x/ all those with disease X

Question 14

Relative Risk formula

Answer 14

(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)

Question 15

Net sensitivity

Answer 15

S1 * S2
Will always be lower than both sensitivities

Question 16

When is odds ratio a close approximation of the relative risk

Answer 16

When the disease is relatively rare.

Question 17

NNT

Answer 17

1 - ARR (incidence in exposed- incidence unexposed)

Question 18

Relative Risk reduction

Answer 18

AR/incidence exposed

Question 19

NNH

Answer 19

number of patients needed to cause serious harm
1/ARI (incidence in exposed - incidence in unexposed. )

Question 20

Type one error

Answer 20

Concluding that there is a difference when there really isn’t a difference
Probability = alpha

Question 21

Type 2 error

Answer 21

Concluding that there is not a difference in the treatment when there really is a difference
Probability: beta

Question 22

power

Answer 22

1 - Beta or 1 minus the probability of a type 2 error.

Question 23

How do you decrease the alpha and beta error without increasing the sample size

Answer 23

Increase the effect size

Question 24

Life tables

Answer 24

used to demonstrate the survival experience of a cohort
The analysis assumes that there is no improvement in treatment effectiveness
patients can enter at different times
can be used if patients are lost to follow up

Question 25

Multiple comparisons problem

Answer 25

When a researcher fails to state a hypothesis before conducting a study and uses many characteristics to make a variety of comparison.

Ex. retrospective review looking at 50 characteristics. Some will be statistically significant by chance alone.

Question 26

Interquartile range

Answer 26

Q3 - Q1

Q1 middle value in the first half of the ranked order set
Q2 Median value
Q 3 middle value in the second half of the ranked order set.

Question 27

Deterministic process

Answer 27

Process that is non-genetic, non-cancer health endpoint with a does threshold and where severity is function of dose

Question 28

Length time bias

Answer 28

Overestimation of survival due to
excess case due to slow progression
usually detected during screening

Question 29

lead time

Answer 29

duration of time between detection and its usual clinical presentation/diagnosis

Question 30

Standardized mortality rate calculation

Answer 30

observed death/expected deaths.
expected deaths = (death rate in general population * population of interest.)

Question 31

What pediatric population has the highest rate of drowning

Answer 31

males under the age of 5

Question 32

What are the global disease mortalities for children under 5

Answer 32

1. respiratory illnesses. 2. diarrheal illness. 3 malaria. 4 injuries.

Question 33

Formula for the 95% CI of the mean

Answer 33

x +/- Z.975 * (sd/square root of the mean)

Question 34

R2

Answer 34

The correlation coefficient. Corresponds to the amount of the variation in BMI that is accounted for by the equation. Ex. .64 of the bmi

Question 35

Calculate discount rate

Answer 35

x * y/discount rate ^# years

Question 36

formula for efficacy

Answer 36

(rate in placebo group - rate in vaccine group)/ (rate in placebo group)