Epidemiology Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
A state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being
A
Health
2
Q
The presence of a condition that causes some level of dysfunction in the performance of the human body
A
Disease
3
Q
The science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort
A
Public health
4
Q
The study of determinants, distribution, and frequency of health and disease in human populations
A
Epidemiology
5
Q
True or false: diseases do not occur at random
A
True
6
Q
Characterization of a disease pattern by demographic attributes
A
Descriptive EPI
7
Q
-broad range of experiences
- can reveal similarities and differences across a range of populations
- expensive
- logistically challenging
A
Global
8
Q
- provide results generalizable to country
- less genetic and cultural diversity than global
- can still be expensive and complete to conduct
A
National
9
Q
- focus on a specific population of interest
- less expensive and logistically complicated
- lack ability to extrapolate to external populations
A
Regional
10
Q
Population defined by non-place of residence characteristic
A
Special populations
11
Q
What are the three factors of analytic epi triangle?
A
- Environment
- Host
- Agent
12
Q
Characteristics that are specific to an individual
A
Host
13
Q
Exposures that are necessary for the disease to occur
A
Agent
14
Q
What are the 3 agent factors?
A
- Chemical
- Physical
- Biologic
15
Q
Characteristics specific to the environment that surrounds an individual
A
Environment
16
Q
What are the 3 external conditions for environmental factors?
A
- Physical
- Biologic
- Social
17
Q
What are the 4 host factors?
A
- Personal traits
- Behaviors
- Genetic predisposition
- Immunological factors
18
Q
To measure the relative amounts of health loss resulting from disease, injuries, and risk factors, with assessment of trends over time, place, and personal attributes
A
Global burden of disease
19
Q
Changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death
A
Epidemiologic transition
20
Q
What is the life expectancy and the fertility rate in a period of pestilence and famine?
A
Life expectancy low; high fertility
21
Q
What is the primary cause of death in a period of pestilence and famine?
A
Infectious disease
22
Q
What are the mortality rates for a period of pestilence and famine?
A
Mortality is high
23
Q
When epidemics of plagues decrease
A
Period of receding pandemics
24
Q
What is the primary cause of death in a period of receding pandemics?
A
Infectious disease
25
What happens to the mortality rate in period of receding pandemics?
Decreases
26
When do fertility rates decrease and the older population increases?
Period of degenerative and man made diseases
27
What is the primary cause of death in the period of degenerative and man made diseases?
Chronic disease
28
Where the mortality is concentrated at advanced ages
Period of delayed degenerative diseases and emerging diseases
29
What 3 things have lead to a dramatic decrease in infectious disease?
1. Public health
2. Medical treatment
3. Sanitation
30
What is an urgent global public health threat?
Antimicrobial resistance
31
Type of population pyramid where both high fertility and high mortality rates are among younger members
Expansive
32
Type of population pyramid: low mortality and low fertility rates
Stationary
33
Type of population pyramid: lower mortality rate with the fertility rates remaining constant
Constrictive
34
Social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured by education, income, and occupation
Socioeconomic status
35
Surveillance in which either available data on reportable disease are used or reporting is mandated or requested
Passive
36
A system in which project staff make periodic field visits to health care facilities to identify new cases of disease or deaths from the diseases have occurred
Active
37
Which type of surveillance is more accurate and more complete?
Active
38
Which type of surveillance is less expensive and has a lack of completeness?
Passive
39
Form of surveillance undertaken to both understand the frequency of infectious diseases and to limit the spread of infectious diseases
Case surveillance
40
A file of data concerning all cases of a particular disease or other health-relevant condition in a defined population such that the cases can be related to a population base
Registry
41
A variety of surveys carried out by the government that are used to identify the frequency of disease and injury events
Population surveys
42
A form of surveillance that uses non traditional data sources to detect health events earlier than possible with traditional methods
Syndromic-surveillance
43
The factor that must be physically present for the disease to occur
Agent
44
No agent = no _______
Disease
45
What are 5 types of Biologic agents?
1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Fungal
4. Prion
5. Helminths
46
Ability to cause severe disease
Virulence
47
Place where the agent can live and grow
Source/ reservoir
48
Site from which the Biologic agent is transmitted
Source
49
The site where the Biologic agent grows and multiplies
Reservoir
50
True or false: agents can survive without a reservoir
False
51
How the agent exists the reservoir and enters the host
Portal of exit
52
How the agent is transmitted from the source to the susceptible host
Mode of transmission
53
Transmitted from person to person via direct close contact
Direct
54
What are the 2 types of direct transmission? What are examples?
1. Vertical: mother to child
2. Horizontal: between mucous membranes
55
What are the 2 types of indirect transmission?
1. Fomite transmission
2. Droplet transmission
56
Involves inanimate objects contaminated by an infected individual
Fomite transmission
57
Respiratory droplets which are propelled into the air by sneezing or coughing
Droplet transmission
58
The transfer of pathogens via very small particles and droplets that may remain suspended in the air for extended periods and be disseminated by air currents in a room or through a facility
Aerosol (airborne) transmission
59
Transmission of disease via food, water, drugs, blood products, and medical devices
Common vehicle transmission
60
An organism that can transmit infectious agents from one infected person or animal to another
Vector borne transmission
61
What are 5 types of portals of entry?
1. Inhalation
2. Absorption
3. Ingestion
4. Inoculation
5. Introduction
62
Individual able to become infected
Susceptible host
63
Where transmission occurs but the number of cases remains constant. Constant low to moderate level of disease in a population
Endemic
64
Level of disease that exceeds the level that normally occurs, usually suddenly
Epidemic
65
Disease that does not largely exist in the population; occurs sporadically at low level with no pattern
Sporadic
66
Level in disease in a population is consistently high
Hyperendemic
67
Level of disease that exceeds the level that normally occurs , usually suddenly
Pandemic
68
What type of transmission are common source outbreaks usually caused by?
Indirect transmission
69
What type of common source outbreak implies that there is an ongoing source of contamination?
Continuous
70
What type of common source outbreak has a sharp rise in cases and a gradual fall. All exposures tend to occur in a relatively brief period?
Point source
71
Type of outbreak that usually lasts longer than common source
Propagated
72
True or false: propagated outbreaks have multiple sources of exposure
True
73
How are propagated outbreaks usually transmitted?
Person to person
74
True or false: correlation does not equal causation
True
75
What is assumed to exist until evidence exists to show otherwise?
Null hypothesis
76
Which type of error: identifying a relationship when in truth there is none
Type I
77
Type of error: failing to identify a relationship where there is one
Type II
78
How can type I and type II errors exist? 4
1. Chance
2. Random misclassification
3. Bias
4. Confounding
79
What are the 2 types of bias?
1. Selection
2. Information
80
Proportion of subjects misclassified in exposure is different in each outcome
Differential misclassification of exposure
81
Proportion of subjects misclassified on outcome is different in each outcome group
Differential misclassification of outcome
82
Proportion of subjects misclassified on exposure is same in each outcome group
Non differential misclassification of exposure
83
Proportion of subjects misclassified on outcome is same in each outcome group
Non differential misclassification of outcome
84
Occurs when study participants do not accurately or completely recall prior events of experiences
Recall bias
85
Occurs when study participants purposely suppress or reveal information on a study variable because of social stigma
Reporting bias
86
Occurs when an interviewer solicits or interprets information differently between study subjects
Interviewer bias
87
Occurs when study personnel observe information differently from the study participants
Observer bias
88
Difference in diagnosis or ascertainment of study measures over time between study participants
Detection bias
89
Difference where one study group is followed more closely than the other; outcome identifies more frequently in closely followed group
Surveillance bias
90
Error in study result due to the selection of participants
Selection bias
91
May exist in any study design that relies on individuals to agree to participate in the study
Self selection/ non response bias
92
When the control group selected is not representative of the population that produced the cases
Control selection bias
93
Occurs in longitudinal studies when differential loss to follow up exists
Loss to follow up bias
94
Occurs because the exposure values in hospitalized subjects particularly controls may not be the same as exposure values for the source population
Berksons bias
95
What is the healthy worker effect? 2
1.person may be selected for employment based on good health
2. The person who continued to work may be selected to continue use based on good health
96
A group in a targeted population has enhanced survival effect and thus their participation is related to the exposure, outcome, and/or confounding variable
Survivor effect
97
If a factor is believed to be the cause of a disease, exposure to the factor must have occurred before the disease developed
Temporal relationship
98
True or false: the strength of association is measured by absolute risk
False (relative risk)
99
The stronger the association, the more likely it is that the relation is _____
Causal
100
As the dose of the exposure increases, the risk of disease _______. What is this called?
Increases; dose response relationship
101
Component that causes the disease from the effect of another factor
Mediators
102
A component that affects the strength or direction of the association between the factor and the disease
Moderator
