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2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LEC) > epidemiology > Flashcards

epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (not js disease) in specified popu and the application of (since epidemiology is discipline within the public health) )this study to control health problems

A

epidemiology

  • distribution:
    frequency and pattern
  • determinants
    cause and risk of disease
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2
Q

briefly explain the applications of epidemiology

A
  • discover the agent, host and enviro factors
    [cause of disease]
  • determine the relative importance of cause, illness, disability and death
    [know which diseases cause the most illness or death]
  • identify these segments of population that have the greatest risk from specific cause of ill health
  • evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health
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3
Q

briefly explain the epidemiological study types

A
  1. experimental
  2. observational
    - analytic
    - descriptive
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4
Q

the difference between experimental study and observational study

A
  1. experimental is randomized while observational is not randomized and non-experimental
  2. the popu in experimental study is randomly allocated while the popu in observational is not randomly allocated
  • randomized
  • randomly allocated
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5
Q

what are the question type in
- descriptive epidemiology
- analytic epidemiology

A

descriptive:
- where, when, who (was the population affected)
analytic:
- why, how (was the popu affected)

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6
Q

what are the levels of disease

A

epidemic
endemic
panndemic

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7
Q

identify the levels of disease: (give examples)
Increase in no. of cases of a disease abv what is normally expected in that popu in tht area

A

epidemic
- small pox, swine flu

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8
Q

identify the levels of disease: (give examples)
Disease or condition present among a popu at all times

A

endemic
- dengue, malaria, syphilis

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9
Q

identify the levels of disease:
An endemic that has spread over several countries or continent

A

pandemic
- covid 19, HIV

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10
Q

identify the classification of disease:
direct effect of a pathogen

A

infectious disease

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11
Q

identify the classification of disease:
transmitted frm animals to humans

A

zoonotic disease

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12
Q

identify the classification of disease:
disease that are contracts as the result of a medical procedure

A

iatrogenic disease

[disease or injury that happens because of medical care, like a side effect, mistake, or complication
Examples:
A patient gets an infection after surgery
A drug causes harmful side effects
A doctor accidentally injures a nerve during a procedure

“Iatrogenic” = Caused by a doctor or treatment]

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13
Q

identify the classification of disease:
disease acquired in hospital setting

A

nosocomial disease

[a sickness you catch in the hospital, not the one you came in with.

Key points:
- happens after 48 hours or more of being admitted
- not present or incubating before admission
- caused by germs in the hospital environment

Examples:
A patient gets pneumonia after surgery
A urinary tract infection (UTI) from a catheter
MRSA infection from hospital equipment

“Nosocomial” = Hospital-acquired]

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14
Q

identify the classification of disease:
not spread from one person to another. caused by genetics, enviro or immune system dysfunction

A

non-communicable infectious disease

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15
Q

briefly explain the interventions to break the chain of infection

A

Increasing host’s defense
- immunization (vaccination)
- adequate sleep and nutrition

Protecting the portal of entry
- PPE
- hand washing
handle needles and sharps safely
- avoid sharing items that could cause cuts

Eliminating/ controlling the agent at a source of transmission (REF)
- respiratory etiquette
- environment cleaning and disinfection
- food safety

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16
Q

the epidemiologic triad

A

agent
host
environment

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17
Q

it is someone who has the disease-causing organism in their body but doesn’t show symptoms — they can still spread the disease to others.

A

carriers
- some only spread the disease for a short time (e.g., days or weeks)
- some can carry and spread it for a long time (months or even years)

*a person can carry and spread disease:
- even if they never show symptoms (inapparent)
- during early (incubation)
- recovery (convalescent)
- even after recovery (postconvalescent) stages

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18
Q

person or animal that harbours a specific infectious agent w/o discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection

A

disease transmission

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19
Q

identify the common term in epidemiology:
disease are those which the pathogen agent has the capability to enter, survive and multiply in the host

A

infective

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20
Q

the capacity and strengthen of the disease to produce serve and fatal causes of illness

A

virulence

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21
Q

what are the factors contributing to the source of or causation of a disease

A

etiology
[the actual cause]

toxins
[harmful substances that cause or worsen disease]

holoendemic
[describe a pattern of disease presence in a population, esp when children are mostly affected]

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22
Q

a substance that produced by a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill other microorganisms

A

antibiotics

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23
Q

a persistent level of activity beyond or above the expected prevalence

A

hyperendemic

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24
Q

explain the similarities and difference of holoendemic and hyperendemic

A

similarities:
both have persistent level of high level of disease transmission

difference:
holoendemic - focused across the entire population
hyperendemic - focused at a geographical area

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25
it is the no of person in a defined population who have specified disease or condition at a given time
prevalence
26
what is the difference between the cross sectional, cohort and case control of the direction
cross sectional: n/a [exposure and outcome are measured at the same time (snapshot)] cohort: prospective - means start from exposure then looks forward to see if outcome occurs (present to future) case control: retrospective - means from past to present [start with outcome then looks back to find the exposure] [Cross-sectional: "Who has what right now?" Cohort: "Who is exposed now, and what happens to them later?" Case-control: "Who got sick, and what were they exposed to before?"]
27
what are the 2 types of prevalence and incidence
prevalence: - point prevalence [How many people have the disease at one specific point in time Example: How many people had COVID on June 1st?] -period prevalence [How many people had the disease at any time during a certain period Example: How many people had COVID anytime in June?] incidence: - incidence proportion [The proportion of people who got the disease during a specific time Example: Out of 100 healthy people, how many got the flu this month?] - incidence density [The rate at which new cases occur, considering person-time More precise when people are followed for different lengths of time Example: 5 new cases per 100 person-years]
28
it identifies how fast a particular disease develops during a period of time
incidence
29
incidence proportion is aka ____ incidence density is aka _____
cumulative incidence incidence rate
30
explain the difference between close and open cohort
close cohort - cannot enter new case study [Example: A study follows 100 students from freshman to senior year] open cohort - can enter new case study [Example: A health clinic records all patients with diabetes over 10 years—even new ones who join later]
31
association or causation: identifiable relationship between the exposure and the disease
association
32
association or causation: presence of mechanism that leads from exposure to disease
causation
33
it measures the association that quantifies the r/s btwn an exposure with 2 categories and health outcomes
odds ratio
34
tools that are designed to objectively measure relevant info on diff attributes of health status and performance of a health system
health indicators - purpose: summary measures that reflect the health situation of a population guide policy-making and resource allocation improve population health and reduce unjust and preventable inequalities
35
explain the positive and negative indicators
positive indicator: - most r healthy and strong popu [reflect good health and effective health systems examples: High life expectancy Low infant mortality rate High immunization coverage High rates of physical activity] negative indicator: - high morbidity and mortality rate [reflect poor health outcomes or system weakness Examples: High morbidity (disease rates) High mortality (death rates) High prevalence of malnutrition] *Better health system = Better health indicators
36
use of health indicators
Forecast/ prognosis - measure risk or predict disease outcomes - forecast disease outbreaks and overall disease burdens in a popu Explanation - show connection btwn health and social determinants of health (income, edu, enviro etc) Description - to describe: health care needs in a popu disease burden in specific grps System management and quality environment
37
what are the behavioral risk factors indicators
- prevalence of current adult smoker - prevalence of insufficient physical activity - prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption [modifiable behaviors that significantly impact health outcomes and increase the risk of developing chronic diseases ]
38
no microorganisms =
means non communicable disease
39
it is the first link of chain of transmission
infectious (causative) agent
40
examples of microorganism or pathogen
Bacteria Fungi Virus Parasites
41
true or false: human and animal reservoirs may or may not appear always to be sick but still capable of transmitting the pathogen to others
true
42
explain the different type of modes of transmission
> direct - direct contact - droplet spread > indirect - airborne - vehicle borne (food, water, blood products) - vector borne (mosquitoes, flies, ticks )
43
droplet spread can spread up to _____ meters
2 meters
44
what are the different types of vector borne
biological vector mechanical vector biological vectors play an active biological role while mechanical vectors just provide transportation.
45
what is the difference between direct and indirect transmission
direct contact transmission: - physical contact (human to human interaction) Indirect contact transmission: - no physical contact
46
final link in the chain of infection in a susceptible host
host
47
what are some host characteristics that may affect increase risk of human disease
Race Religion Immune status Genetics Sex Occupation Age
48
what is the difference between point prevalence and period prevalence
point: at one date (june 1st 2022) period: over a period of time (month, year, week)
49
it is the control exposure and outcome through randomization
experimental study
50
in the epidemiological study types, briefly explain what is the difference between exposed and not exposed
exposed: have medicines, vaccines, health programs (For example, the group given the new experimental cholesterol medicine. Or children receiving the actual measles vaccine rather than a placebo.) not exposed: placebo group (For example, a sugar pill that looks the same as the drug tablet. Or a saline injection that resembles a vaccine but has no antigen.)
51
this describes the nature of disease
descriptive epidemiology
52
it tests the hypothesis for case control
analytic epidemiology
53
briefly explain the difference between cross sectional: cohort: case control:
cross sectional: measures the exposure and outcome cohort: starts from exposure to outcome case control: past going to present
54
it established exposure and the risk causing the disease
temporal relationship
55
briefly explain the morbidity measures - Prevalence - Incidence
Prevalence: - new and old cases - measure the burden of the disease - no. of ppl in a defined popu who have specified disease/ condition at a given point of time Incidence: - new cases only - measure the risk of disease - rate or proportion of new cases in a given periof of time differences: 1. (P) shows how widespread a disease is while (I) shows risk of developing the disease 2. (P) focus at a specific point or period while (I) focus over a specific period of time 3. (P) measures disease burden in a popu while (I) measures rate of disease spread or risk example: (P) how many ppl hv asthma now (I) how many ppl developed asthma this year [Prevalence = How many have it now Incidence = How many are getting it]
56
it is defined as the proportion of people who are unaffected at the beginning of a study period but who experience a risk event during the study period.
risk [chance that a healthy person will get sick during a certain period of time] [example: If 100 people start off healthy, and 10 of them get sick after 1 year, then: The risk = 10 out of 100 = 10% *risk tells us how likely it is that someone will get the disease]
57
briefly explain cross-sectional study
Manipulation of Exposure: None → It’s observational (we just observe, don’t interfere) Hypothesis: Yes → It’s analytical (used to test a hypothesis or find associations) Direction of Study: Not applicable → Because exposure and outcome are measured at the same time Time Points: One point in time → It’s like taking a “snapshot” of a population [looks at a group of people once, at one moment, to see who has a disease and what factors they were exposed to. helps find patterns, not causes]
58
difference between association and causation
Association: - relationship or link between two things - example: People who carry lighters are more likely to get lung cancer (association, but it’s really due to smoking) *used in observational studies (cross-sectional) Causation: - one thing directly causes the other - Smoking causes lung cancer (clear biological evidence) *used in experimental or strong cohort studies [Association = Two things happen together, but one may not cause the other. Causation = One thing makes the other happen, with scientific proof.]
59
what are the formula to these measures of morbidity measure and its formula 1. incidence proportion (attack rate or risk) 2. secondary attack rate 3. incidence rate (person-time rate) 4. point prevalence 5. period prevalence
index card
60
it is a measurement that reflects a given situation. once analyzed they generate info which one interpreted generate knowledge. lastly, to take action
indicator [transforming raw data into actionable insights for public health] Data → Indicator → Information → Knowledge → Action - helps in making evidence-based health decisions and improving public health outcomes - once analyzed, it produces information. When interpreted, it becomes knowledge, which guides action.
61
briefly explain cohort study
Manipulation of Exposure: None (Observational) Hypothesis Type: Analytical Direction: Prospective Time Points: Longitudinal [- starts with an exposed group and follows them into the future to see if they develop the outcome - establish a temporal relationship (cause precedes effect) - useful for identifying risk factors]
62
briefly explain case control study
Manipulation of Exposure: None (Observational) Hypothesis Type: Analytical Direction: Retrospective Time Points: Longitudinal [- starts with people who already have the outcome (cases) and compares them to those without it (controls) - looks backward in time to assess exposure history - efficient for rare diseases or outcomes]
63
what is the typical size of droplet nuclei involved in airborne transmission?
Less than 5 microns - particles involved is dust and droplet nuclei - they remain suspended in the air and can be inhaled = infection
64
this provide an environment where agent grows
vehicle borne
65
briefly explain biological and mechanical vector
Biological vectors: blood meal Mechanical vectors: flies can pick up infectious agents on the outside of their bodies and transmit them through physical contact
66
what are some of the host characteristics that may affect increased risk of human disease
Age Sex Occupation Genetics Immune status Race Religion
67
Person or animal that harbours a specific infectious agent w/o discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection
disease transmission
68
briefly explain the classification on types of immunity
innate immunity: - organs, tissue and cells of the immune system that you are born with acquired immunity: - immunity that develops during your lifetime 2 types a. active immunity - develop in response to an infection or vaccination natural: antibodies developed in response to an INFECTION artificial: antibodies developed in response to an VACCINATION b. passive immunity - develops after receiving antibodies from someone or somewhere else natural: antibodies received from MOTHER (etc: breast milk) artificial: antibodies received from MEDICINE (etc: gamma globulin injection or infusion)

2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LEC) (10 decks)

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