Epidemiology

Question 1

What is epidemiology?

Answer 1

The study of the occurance, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population

Question 2

Epidemiology is largerly linked to

Answer 2

public health

Question 3

What is survellance in epidemiology?

Answer 3

The observation, recognition, and reporting of diseases as they occur

Question 4

Incidence is

Answer 4

The number of NEW cases of the disease in a given period of time

Question 5

Prevalence is

Answer 5

the TOTAL number of NEW AND EXISTING cases in a population in a given time

Question 6

Will incidence or prevalence be larger?

Answer 6

Prevalence

Question 7

When is a disease an epidemic?

Answer 7

When it occurs in a large numebr of peopel in a population at the same time

Question 8

A pandemic is

Answer 8

widespreas, usually worldwide

Question 9

What is an endemic?

Answer 9

A disease is constantly present is a ppoulation, usually at low incidences. Individuals that are infected with a pathogen that causes endemic diseases are celled reservoirs. These reservoirs may be human or non-human animals

Question 10

When is a disease an outbreak?

Answer 10

A disease outbreak occurs when a number of cases of a diesease are reported in a short period of time

Question 11

Diseased individuals who show no or mild symptoms have subclinical infections are are called…

Answer 11

carriers

Question 12

Chronic infections…

Answer 12

Host and pathogen survive

Question 13

Acute infections

Answer 13

Pathogen can be selective force

Question 14

he organism invades and colonizes the host

Answer 14

infection

Question 15

the time between infection and onset of symptoms

Answer 15

Incubation period

Question 16

The disease is at its height

Answer 16

Acute period

Question 17

Disease symptoms are subsiding

Answer 17

Decline period

Question 18

Patient regains strength and returns to normal

Answer 18

Convalescent period

Question 19

What is mortality?

Answer 19

the incidence of death in a population

Question 20

What is morbidity?

Answer 20

the incidence of disease, including fatal and nonfatal diseases

Question 21

quantitatively measures disease burden in terms of lost years due to the disease, disability due to disease, and premature death

Answer 21

Disability-Adjusteed Life Year (DALY)

Question 22

_____ of a host and its parasite is common

Answer 22

coevolution

Question 23

What is herd immunity?

Answer 23

The resistance of a group to infection due to immunity of a high proportion of the group

If a high proportion of individuals are immune to an infection, then the whole population will be protected.

Immunized people protect nonimmunized people because the pathogen cannot be passed on, and the cycle of infectivity is broken

Question 24

Infected individual transmits a disease directly to a susceptible host without the assistance of an intermediary (e.g., flu, common cold, STDs, ringworm).

Answer 24

Direct host-to-host transmission

Question 25

occurs when transmission is facilitated by a living or nonliving agent

Answer 25

Indirect host-to-host transmission

Question 26

Living agents are called

Answer 26

vectors

Question 27

nonliving agents are called

Answer 27

fomites

Question 28

___ are sites in which infectious agents remain viable and from which individuals can become infected

Answer 28

Reservoirs

Question 29

_____ is any disease that primarily infects animals but is occasionally transmitted to humans

Answer 29

zoonosis

Question 30

A ______ usually arises from contamination of water or food

Answer 30

common-source epidemic

Question 31

In a _____, the disease shows a slow, progressive rise and a gradual decline.

Answer 31

host-to-host epidemic

Question 32

What is R0 (r not)

Answer 32

Basic reprodcution number

Question 33

Food, water, and air are...

Answer 33

common vehicles

Question 34

If reservoir is animal, it can be ____ or _____.

Answer 34

immunized or destroyed

Question 35

When human is a reservoir, those can be...

Answer 35

1. quarantined 2. immunized 3. treated

Question 36

What are the three main tools for limiting transmission?

Answer 36

1. immunization 2. quarantine 3. surveillance

Question 37

_____ diseases are those that have become prevalent after having been under control

Answer 37

reemerging

Question 38

Diseases that suddenly become prevalent are called ___

Answer 38

emergent

Question 39

Direct transfer

Answer 39

- sex - holding hands - kissing - speaking

Question 40

Infirect transfer

Answer 40

- fomites (pens, money) - vectors (fleas, mites, etc)

Question 41

Vecotrs tend to be

Answer 41

arthopods (include insects)

Question 42

What are the two kinds of vectos?

Answer 42

biological - biting transfer (mosquito bites animal and then bites you) mechanical - not infected, but carrying disease on surface. (fly land on poop and then land on your food)