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Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The passage through lens meterial bending light is called

A

Refraction

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2
Q

Visible light range

A

400 - 750 nm

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3
Q

What is the resolution of our eyes?

A

150 MICRO meters (mew)

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4
Q

The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another

A

Resolution, aka resolving power

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5
Q

Do short or long wavelength provide better resolution?

A

short

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6
Q

Resolving power equation

A

RP = wavelength of light in nm / 2 x NA

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7
Q

What is the numerical aperture?

A

describes the relative effeciency of a lens in bending light rays

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8
Q

What is a chain of bacteria cells called? What about a cluster?

A

Strepto-, Staphylo-

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9
Q

What are some advantages of microbes for being small?

A
  • more surface area relative to cell volume
  • grow faster
  • more mutations = faster evolution
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10
Q

What structure defines the existence of a cell?

A

The cell membrane

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11
Q

Membranes have approx. equal parts of ______ and _____.

A

Phospholipids, proteins

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12
Q

A phospholipid consists of ______ with ____ links to _____ ______ ____ and a ______ _____ ____.

A

glycerol, ester links, two fatty acids, phosphoryl head group

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13
Q

Membrane protein fucitons.

A
  • structural support
  • secretion of virulence factors
  • transmission of communication signals
  • ion transport and energy storage
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14
Q

The cell membrane acts as a ___-______ barrier.

A

semi-permiable

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15
Q

_____ transport is essential for survival.

A

selective

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16
Q

How to small molecules, like O2 and CO2, permeate the membrane?

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

How does water diffuse across the membrane?

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

How to acids/bases get thrugh the membrane?

A

They exist in uncharged states to diffuse across and then change the pH of the cell.

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19
Q

Molecules move along their concentration gradient.

A

Passive transport

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20
Q

Molecules move against their concentration gradient

requires energy

A

Active transport

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21
Q

In eukaryotic membranes, the reinforcing agents are _____, such as cholesterol and ergosterol.

A

sterols

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22
Q

In bacteria, the reinforcing agents are _______, or ________.

A

hopanoids, or hopanes.

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23
Q

Describe the nucleoid.

A
  • no nuclesar membrane
  • haploid
  • contains genetic material
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24
Q

Size of prokaryote ribosome

A

70S (two subunits 30S and 50S)

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25
Extensively folded intracellular membranes in phototrophs.
Thylakoids
26
Polyherdral bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation in phototrophs.
Carboxysomes
27
Increases buoyancy in phototrophs.
gas vesicles
28
List inclusion bodies in phototrophs.
- storage granules - glycogen, PHB - sulfur - volutin - magnetosomes
29
What shape determining protein do cocci have?
FtsZ - forms a Z ring for septum placement
30
What shape determining protein do baccili have?
MreB - forms a coil inside rod shaped cells
31
What shape determining protein do vibrio have?
CreS - crescentin, forms a polymer along inner side of crescent-chapes bacteria, leading to the kink
32
The cell wall confers _____ and _____to the cell, and helps it _______ ______ ______.
shape, rigidity, withstand turgor pressure
33
Most becterial cell walls are made up of _________.
peptidoglycan
34
What does peptidogylcan consist of?
NAG, NAM, bound to a peptide. These peptides can form cross-bridges connecting the parallel glycan strands.
35
Gram positive bacteria have a ____ cell wall and stain _____.
thick, purple
36
Gram negative bacteria have a ____ cell wall and stain _____.
thin, pink
37
_______ acid is linked to lipids. This acts to anchor the wall to membrane.
Lipoteichoic
38
Mycrobial cell envelopes include unusual membrane lipids (_____ _____) and unusual sugars (_______).
mycolic acids, arabinogalactans
39
Only gram ____ contain lipoteichoic acid
positive
40
Long chains of mycolic acids are only found in _____ _____ bacteria.
acid fast
41
When the mycolic acid side chains are not too hydrophobic, they are ___ - ___ carbons.
30 - 40
42
When the mycolic acid side chains are somewhat hydrophobic, they are ___ - ___ carbons.
40 - 60
43
When the mycolic acid side chains are very hydrophobic, they are ___ - ___ carbons.
60 - 90
44
In the gram - negative outer membrane, the ___ _______ ____ consists of one ot two sheets.
thin peptidogylcan layer
45
In gram-negative cells, the peptidogycan leyer is covered by an ______ ____ which confers defenseive abilities and _____ properties on many pathogens.
outer membrane, toxigenic
46
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure
- Lipid A (6 fatty acids) - Core (adaptor structure) - O-Antigen (repeats) (barrior function)
47
LPS is only found in gram _____ bacteria because ________.
negative, it is in the outer membrane
48
Gram-negative cells primarily use _____, which are ___to transport substances across their outer membrane.
porins
49
The peptidoglygan layer is in the _____.
periplasm
50
Mycoplasma have a cell membrane, but do not have _____, ____ ____, or a ___ ___.
peptodiglycan, mycolic acid, cell wall
51
What are the flagellar arrangements?
- monotrichous - amphitrichous - lophotrichous - petritrichous
52
Spirochete flagella are known as ____ ____ because they are located in the ______.
axial filaments, periplasm (they are gram negative)
53
The movement of a bacterium in reponse to chemical gradients.
Chemotaxis
54
Short, numerous structures used to attach to cells and other stuctures, like rocks.
Fimbriae
55
A single, long structure used to attach to only cells ot transfer genetic code.
Sex pilus
56
Types of stuctures cells use to adhere to things.
- fimbriae - stalks - sex pilus
57
The outermost layer of a bacteria cell is the ____.
capsule
58
The capsule is made of _____.
carbohydrates
59
What is the most abundant macromolecule in a cell?
protein
60
______ does not contain murein.
Mycoplasma
61
_______ contains teichoic acid
Gram positive

Microbiology (22 decks)

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