Epidemiology

Question 1

Studies the pattern of disease
occurrence in human populations and
the factors that influence this
pattern.

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

The term is related to epidemic
(derived from the Greek word “________”) meaning leading the
people

Answer 2

upon the people

Question 3

• father of modern epidemiology
• Study about ____
• Snow would not have been
  formulated his hypothesis without
  the ____ he gathered

Answer 3

John snow
cholera
data

Question 4

The absence or presence of a disease

Answer 4

health

Question 5

Must be “clearly defined”

Answer 5

Good health

Question 6

State of physiological/biomedical
dysfunction

Answer 6

disease

Question 7

Subjective state/awareness of not being well

Answer 7

Illness

Question 8

state of social dysfunction (the “sick
role”)

Answer 8

sickness

Question 9

Any loss of abnormality of structure or
function

Answer 9

Impairment

Question 10

Restriction or inability to perform in the
manner considered normal of an individual

Answer 10

Disability

Question 11

Disadvantage that limits or prevents the
fulfillment of a social role

Answer 11

Handicap

Question 12

an increase in the frequency (incidence) of a
disease above the usual and expected rate, which is
called the _____ thus epidemiology count cases of a disease, and
when they detect the sign of epidemic, they ask
___, ___ and __ questions.

Answer 12

epidemic rate
who, when, where

Question 13

surveillance made by
the government before many people start
dying.

Answer 13

notifiable disease

Question 14

In epidemiology of any disease or event, one
studies the factor which contribute to its
causation and behavior

Answer 14

agent, host, environment

Question 15

is any element, substance or force
whether living or non-living
thing; the presence or absence can
initiate or perpetuate a disease
process.

Answer 15

agent

Question 16

types of agent

Answer 16

1. living or nonliving things, physical or mechanical, light electricity
2. chemicals - endogenous (within the body) or exogenous (poison)

Question 17

inherent characteristics (4)

Answer 17

physical features
biological requirement
chemical composition
resistance

Question 18

Characteristic in relation to the environment

Answer 18

reservoir
source of infection
modes
of transmission

Question 19

Characteristic directly related to man (VAIP)

Answer 19

Infectivity
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Antigenicity

Question 20

immediate transfer of infectious
agent a receptive portal of entry

Answer 20

Direct transmission

Question 21

Indirect transmission
a. _____ - contaminated inanimate objects or
materials
b. _____- from other living organism
(ex. Insects)

Answer 21

Vehicle borne
Mechanical/Vector borne

Question 22

dissemination of microbial aerosols to a
suitable portal of entry usually the respiratory tract

Answer 22

airborne

Question 23

2 airbone

Answer 23

droplet nuclei, dust

Question 24

THE HOST FACTOR OF DISEASE (6)

Answer 24

1. Age
2. Sex
3. Race
4. Habits, Customs, and religions
5. Exposure to agent
6. Defense mechanism of the host

Question 25

This is the total property of an individual to protect himself from an infectious agent

Answer 25

immunity

Question 26

Two types of immunity

Answer 26

non specific resistance specific resistance

Question 27

present at the time of birth or has developed during maturation

Answer 27

non specific resistance

Question 28

acquired as a result of prior exposure with a foreign substance

Answer 28

specific resistance

Question 29

TWO FOLDS OF SPECIFIC RESISTANCE

Answer 29

Active and passive

Question 30

what has been introduced to the individual is the antigen and the body makes the antibody.

Answer 30

active

Question 31

when what has been introduced to the body is already antibodies that provide immediate protection against microorganisms.

Answer 31

passive

Question 32

exhibited by the transfer of antibodies from mother’s placenta to the fetus and transfer of antibodies from breast milk to the baby

Answer 32

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 33

injection of artificially prepared substance like immune serum of gamma globulin. These two are antibodies preparation (ex. Antitetanus antibodies, diphtheria antitoxin)

Answer 33

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 34

when we get sick the infective agent will gain entry to the body, act as stimulant for antibody formation because the organism acts as antigen. - The immunity is lifelong (ex. Measles, chicken pox, hepatitis A)

Answer 34

Naturally acquired active immunity

Question 35

when the antigen has been deliberately introduce like injecting vaccines, they act as antigen to stimulate antibody formation. - It makes use of vaccine which is suspension of killed or living organism (ex. MMR,OPV,BCG)

Answer 35

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 36

sum total of an organism’s external surrounding conditions and influences that affect its life and development

Answer 36

environment

Question 37

THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF DISEASE

Answer 37

- Physical Environment ● climate ● Geography and location ● Biologic Environment ● Socio-economic environment

Question 38

Time between exposure to infectious agent up to the time of appearance of the earliest signs and symptoms

Answer 38

Incubation Period

Question 39

the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms of a disease.

Answer 39

Clinical incubation period

Question 40

The time taken by the parasite to complete its development in the definite host

Answer 40

Biological Incubation Period

Question 41

As applied to patient, separation for the period of communicability, of infected persons or animals from others in such places and under such conditions as to prevent or limit the effect of the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent from those infected to those who are susceptible or who may spread the disease agent.

Answer 41

isolation

Question 42

Types of Isolation

Answer 42

1. Source isolation 2. Protective isolation

Question 43

The patient is the source of infection

Answer 43

source isolation

Question 44

The patient requires protection

Answer 44

protective isolation

Question 45

Restriction of the activities of well persons or animals who have been exposed to a case of communicable diseases during its period of communicability to prevent disease transmission during incubation of infection should occur

Answer 45

Quarantine

Question 46

Limitation of movement of those exposed to a communicable disease for a period of time not longer than the longest usual incubation period of that disease.

Answer 46

Absolute or Complete Quarantine

Question 47

Selective, partial limitation of freedom of movements of contacts

Answer 47

Modified Quarantine

Question 48

THE DIFFERENT EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

Answer 48

1. Descriptive Study 2. Experimental Study

Question 49

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY Analytical Study:

Answer 49

- Ecological - Cross-sectional - Case-Control - Cohort

Question 50

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Answer 50

Randomized control trial field trial community trial

Question 51

It is an epidemiological experimental study of a new preventative or therapeutic regimen.

Answer 51

Randomized Control Trial

Question 52

It involves people who are disease free but presumed to be a risk.

Answer 52

Field trials

Question 53

In this form of experiment the treatment groups are the communities rather than individuals.

Answer 53

Community trials

Question 54

2 phases

Answer 54

Pre-pathogenesis Pathogenesis

Question 55

This is the phase before man is involved.

Answer 55

Pre-pathogenesis

Question 56

This phases includes the successful invasion and establishment of the agent in the host

Answer 56

Pathogenesis