Introduction to Statistics and Epidemiology

Question 1

Two types of Data

Answer 1

Primary Data and Secondary Data

Question 2

Data those OBTAINED FIRST HAND by the
investigator to help him answer
specifically the purposes of his study

Answer 2

Primary Data

Question 3

Data are those which are ALREADY EXISTING
and
which have been obtained by some
other people for purposes not necessarily
those of
the investigator’s.

Answer 3

Secondary Data

Question 4

it refers to ORDERLY PROCESSES OF DATA COLLECTION,
organization, presentation and interpretation
(tabulation of data, computation of rates and frequency distribution, graphic presentation)

Answer 4

Method

Question 5

it refers to QUANTITATIVE DATA affected to a marked
extent by a multiplicity of causes.

Answer 5

Data

Question 6

Data are collected in order to measure something (4)

Answer 6

number of deaths, births, specific diseases,
hospital admissions

Question 7

Sources of Data

Answer 7

• Census
• Registries of vital events
• Reports of occurrence of notifiable
  diseases
• Different records
• Family Records

Question 8

Methods of Data Collection
- Saves time, energy and money
- Data is routinely obtained, did NOT
HAVE in mind the SPECIFIC QUESTIONS
OF THE RESEARCHER

Answer 8

Documented sources

Question 9

Methods of Data Collection
- studies specific segments
or subsets of population

Answer 9

Sample surveys

Question 10

2 Census

Answer 10

De facto and De jure

Question 11

Methods of Data Collection
- studies total population

Answer 11

Census

Question 12

Methods of Data Collection
“who is here now”
- people are allocated to the
areas where they were physically
present at the census date
regardless of where they usually
live

Answer 12

De facto

Question 13

Methods of Data Collection
“who belongs here”
- assigns individuals to the
place of their usual residence
regardless of where they were
actually enumerated during the
census.

Answer 13

De jure

Question 14

Methods of Data Collection
-one on one encounter, use list of
questions, to know opinions or
feelings of subjects
- Questionnaires can be sent for
respondents living in far-flung
areas

Answer 14

Interview

Question 15

Classification of statistical data (4)

Answer 15

Demographics
Health Status
Health Resources
Health-related Socio-economic Environmental Factors

Question 16

Classification of statistical data
ex. Population size, age, sex, geographic
distribution, mortality, morbidity, growth rate

Answer 16

Demographics

Question 17

Classification of statistical data
ex. Causes and distribution of mortality
and morbidity as to residence, place of occurrence, age,
sex

Answer 17

Health Status

Question 18

Classification of statistical data
ex. Number and distribution of health
facilities, health manpower, health expenditures

Answer 18

Health Resources

Question 19

Classification of statistical data
ex.
Water supply, excreta disposal, school enrollment, food
establishment, transports, food intake/habits

Answer 19

Health-related Socio-economic Environmental Factors

Question 20

Methods of Data presentation (3)

Answer 20

Narrative Method
Tabular Presentation
Graphical Presentation

Question 21

It refers to the ARRANGEMENT OF ANY DATA in an
orderly sequence, so that they can be presented
concisely and compactly and so that they can be
understood easily.

Answer 21

Tabulation

Question 22

PROVIDE a compact WAY OF PRESENTING large sets of
detailed information

Answer 22

Tables

Question 23

Table 3 prime
considerations in the CONSTRUCTION OF TABLES

Answer 23

Simplicity, clarity, directness

Question 24

Parts of a table

Arabic numerals are used. Place it on the first line of the
tile.

Answer 24

Table number

Question 25

Parts of the Table it should state the objective of the table. It should clearly, briefly and comprehensively what the figures in the body of the table stand for. How the data are classified, where and when obtained

Answer 25

Title

Question 26

Parts of the Table indicate the basis of classification of the rows or horizontal series of figures

Answer 26

Row headings/Stubs

Question 27

Parts of a Table indicate the basis of classification of the columns or vertical series of figures

Answer 27

Column headings

Question 28

Parts of the Table this is made up of the figures filling the cells or compartments brought about by the coordinates of rows and columns

Answer 28

Body of the table

Question 29

Parts of the Table indicate the source of information

Answer 29

Footnote

Question 30

Graphical Presentation - ______ are simpler to read and appeal to a greater number of people than tables. - ___________ can be presented in a simpler language - _____________ which could otherwise be missed in tables stand out more clearly.

Answer 30

Graphs Large complex data Trends or patterns

Question 31

Graphical Presentation For comparisons of absolute or relative counts

Answer 31

Bar graph

Question 32

Graphical Presentation Shows the breakdown of a group per total where the number of categories is not too many

Answer 32

Pie chart

Question 33

Graphical Presentation Similar to a bar graph but groups number into ranges

Answer 33

Histogram

Question 34

Graphical Presentation Same function as histogram

Answer 34

Frequency polygon

Question 35

Graphical Presentation Shows trend data or changes with time or age with respect to some other variable

Answer 35

Line diagram

Question 36

- Show correlation between simultaneous measurement - shows relationship between 2 sets of data

Answer 36

Scatterpoint

Question 37

- is the statistical study of human popu lation. - It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes over time or space.

Answer 37

Demography

Question 38

- is the other COMMON direct METHOD OF COLLECTING DEMOGRAPHIC DATA. - is usually conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country. - Analyses are conducted after a ____ to estimate how much over or undercounting took place.

Answer 38

Census

Question 39

is defined as an official and periodic enumeration of population.

Answer 39

Census

Question 40

Two methods of data collection

Answer 40

Direct data Indirect methods

Question 41

Data collection Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000 people.

Answer 41

Crude birth rate

Question 42

Data collection - Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44).

Answer 42

General fertility rate

Question 43

Data Collection Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15-19, 20-24 etc.)

Answer 43

Age-specific fertility rates

Question 44

Data collection Refers to the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people.

Answer 44

crude death rates

Question 45

Data collection Refers to the annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1,000 live births.

Answer 45

Infant mortality rate

Question 46

Data collection Refers to the number of years which an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels.

Answer 46

Life expectancy

Question 47

Data collection Refers to the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates

Answer 47

Total fertility rate

Question 48

Data collection Refers the average number of children a woman must have in order to replace herself with a daughter in the next generation.

Answer 48

Replacement level fertility

Question 49

Data collection Refers to the number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility rates.

Answer 49

Gross reproduction rate

Question 50

Data collection is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of childbearing.

Answer 50

Net reproduction ratio

Question 51

Data collection one that has had constant crude birth and death rates for such long time that the percentage of people in every age class remains constant, or equivalently, the population pyramid has an unchanging structure.

Answer 51

Stable population

Question 52

Data collection one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero). - A stable population does not necessarily remain fixed in size, it can be expanding or shrinking

Answer 52

Stationary population

Question 53

Populations can change through three processes:

Answer 53

Fertility, Mortality, Migration

Question 54

involves the number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with fecundity.

Answer 54

Fertility

Question 55

is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members of the population.

Answer 55

Mortality

Question 56

refers to the movement of persons from an origin place to a destination place across some predefined, political boundary

Answer 56

Migration

Question 57

- also called a proportion is the quotient of two numbers - A good example is number of deaths per population

Answer 57

ratio

Question 58

- is a ratio involving a time period. - The count or measurement is observed over a period and then divided by its base or population of observation.

Answer 58

rate

Question 59

measures the frequency of occurrence of the phenomenon during a given period of time. Deals only with NEW cases.

Answer 59

incidence rate

Question 60

measures the proportion of the population which exhibits a particular disease at a particular time. - This can only be determined following a survey of the population concerned. - Deals with total (old and new) number of cases

Answer 60

prevalence rate

Question 61

This is rough of the fertility of the population ● The rate is called crude for the following reasons ● Only live births are counted

Answer 61

crude birth rate

Question 62

This is a measure of the risk of dying from all causes in a population

Answer 62

crudes death rate

Question 63

Measure the risk of dying due to the process of pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium. ● It also measures the adequacy of maternal health services

Answer 63

maternal mortality rate

Question 64

Measures the risk of dying due to infancy (under 1 year of age) ● deaths under 1 year of age/ number of live births x 1000

Answer 64

Infant mortality rate

Question 65

Measures the risk of dying in the first four weeks of life of the infant (newborn) ● The number of children dying under 28 days of age divided by the number of live births that year ● (Number of infant death / number of life birth) X 1000

Answer 65

neonatal mortality rate

Question 66

Measures the risk of dying before birth

Answer 66

fetal death rate

Question 67

The word means around the period of birth (a month or more before births and one month after birth) ● Measures the loss of life in later pregnancy and early infancy.

Answer 67

pre-natal mortality rate