Community Exam 2 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does Epidemiology try to help us figure out

A

Why some people get sick and why others remain healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidemiology defintion

A

Study of distribution and determinants of health related states in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems and main health (study of health/disease in populations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does epidemiology focus on individuals or groups

A

groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SOAPIE

A

Acronym that shows how the epi process can parallel the nursing process & be used together.

Subjective

Objective

Gather assesment and summarize

Decide upon the plan

Implement the intervention

Evaluate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is involved in the epi triad?

A

Agent (antigen)

Host (person)

Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of agents

A

Biological, Chemical, and Physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biological agents examples

A

Virus

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoa

Metazoa

Rickettsia (rocky mtn spotted fever)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical agents examples

A

Pesticides

Food additives

Pharmcologics

Industrial chemicals

Air pollutants

Cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physical agents examples

A

heat

light

radiation

noise

vibration

speeding object (bullets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Agent’s extent of exposure

A

How long does it take to contract this agent yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Agent pathogenecity

A

How easy is the agent able to cause a disease state in the host?

Ex: measles is fairly easy. West nile virus not so much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Agent infectivity

A

How easy an agent can infect someone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Agent virulence

A

How bad the agent can be for you or how bad the diseae is

ex: covid is pretty bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Agent toxigenicty

A

Whether the agent can cause toxins

Ex: botulism or tetanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Agent resistance

A

Agent’s ability to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Agent antigenicity

A

Agent’s ability to reduce antibody response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a host?

A

Anything the agent can invade. Best example is you as a human.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Susceptibility factor categories of the host

A

Factors that cause you to more susceptible to being invaded by an agent

  • Modifiable
  • Nonmodifiable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Age

Gender

Genes

modifiable or nonmodifiable

A

nonmodifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lifestyle

occupation

environment

immunizaiton

modifiable or nonmodifiable

A

modifiable or you can change these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the big deal about age?

A

Younger children and older adults are more at risk due to either immaturity or maturity of their organs and immune systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can gender affect your ability to be a host?

A

Men won’t get ovarian cancer.

Women won’t get prostate cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can genes be a risk factor for being a host to an agent?

A

Diseases like sick cell, hemophilia , etc

or even cholesterol or hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Examples of lifestyle choices

A

diet and exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Why is occupation a big deal for possibly being a host? Environment?
Certain occupations are exposed to differnt things but you can change occupation so it is modifiable. Environment is modifiable as well. But if you're in CO and you have COPD, you're not doing yourself any favors.
26
How are immunizations modifiable?
You can choose to get them or choose not to.
27
What is the environment of the epi triad?
Anything that is an external factor that can affect the host's vulnerability to an agent. Geography, climate, plants and animals, psychosocial even , socioecononomic
28
29
Geography and climate environmental influence
Different altitude and weather can affect health
30
Flora & Fauna
plants and animals that can affect health - may need to live somewhere dry if you're allergic to plants or animals. Or not in the country.
31
What do we mean by psychosocial factors having an influence on environment
stress
32
Socioeconomic factors of the environment
money, debt, living or even social determinants of health : housing, food, safety. etc.
33
Radon map
invisible gas from granite red = higher amounts of it
34
Chain of infection And order?
Chain like model to show transission of a **communicable** disease from its source to a susceptible host pathogen \> reservoir \> portal of exit \> transmission \> portal of entry
35
pathogen reservoir portal of exit transmission
- pathogen: is the agent - reservoir is where it dwells ; respiratory tract for covid; soil for tetanus - portal of exit : path how agent leaves the host (can often be through symptoms) - transmission: direct or indirect (vehicleborne, fomoites)
36
What is meant by portal of entry
Similar to portal of exit. This is now how someone got the agent. Ex: try to figure out what someone ate if it is foodborne
37
New host of chain
38
Noncummicable disease model
Not the same as chain of infection due to it not being as infective. More genetic endowement. Has more to do with lifestyle and different categories of factors as well like: - personality, beliefs, behavior - environment, health care, water, air pollution, economics
39
Web
Can be used for anything. Further up the ladder then the cheaper it is. Second row, you can change your own. But as nurses, we can intervene in any box of the web.
40
Endemic
When the existing issue is the same amount as we were expecting - seeing colds in winter - softball injuries in summer
41
Epidemic
Occurence is more than expected but not crazy ex: measles. small pox; there shouldn't be any (so not all about numbers).
42
Pandemic
When the existing problem is much more than expected worldwide issue like covid.
43
How many phases are WHO phases of pandemic
6
44
phase 1 of WHO phase 2 of WHO
no new cases of subtypes n humans. none in animals no new subtypes in humans but some in animals.
45
phase 3 of WHO phase 4 of WHO
isolated human infections w no spreading except through rare close contact small, highly local cluster of cases with limited transmission
46
phase 5 of WHO phase 6 of WHO
Large local cluster , limited human to human spread. possibility of pandemic pandemic phase; transmission is constant
47
What is standardized data
Taken same time & way each time such as a census And a census is important bc it helps us keep track
48
Black infant mortality vs others?
black infant mortality is much higher
49
How are births, deaths, and disease reported to the state problem?
Doctors/clinics/hospitals \> local health department \> state health \> CDC problem is not all doctors report
50
51
Rates why do we do this?
Number of events that occur in a given population in a given period of time (can even just be a single day) It allows us to easily compare different instances of occurence of the same issues Ex: head lice in derby vs head lice in wichita
52
natality
number of live births to residents in an area in a calender year // population in area in same year
53
Morbidity
number of cases of illness in an area of calnedar year // total population in the same area and year
54
Mortality rate
No of deaths to residents in an area in a calendar year // population of same area and year
55
incidence rates
no of ne cases of a disease ina certain time period // population at risk in the same time period
56
prevalence rate
number of new and old cases of a disease in a certain time period // population at risk in same time period
57
crude death rate
number of deaths (all cases ) -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ estimtaed mid yr population
58
age specific death rate
number of deaths (35-44) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ estimated midyear population (35-44)
59
Cause specific death rate
number of deaths (specific cases) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ estimtaed midyear population
60
infant mortality rate composite rate
measure infant deaths from birth up to one year of age looks at more than just infant mortality. includes prenatal care
61
who has lower infant mortality rates: developed or underdeveloped countries
developed
62
why should you be cautious w rates?
- they're estimtaes - old - heading is important - reliability - underreporting happens - check reliability
63
How do you do the math for rates 4th grades - 10 5th graders - 20 Total school population - 400
Add the target populations 10 + 20 = 30. Dividie by the total population. 30/400. Multiple by the same numerical amount. 30/400 x 100

Community Exam 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions