Epidemiology environment and ethnicity

Question 1

What is epidemiology?

Answer 1

The study of the distribution and determinants of states of health in populations.

Question 2

Define prevalence in epidemiology.

Answer 2

Total number of cases in a given population, at a given point or over a specific period.

Question 3

What is the lifetime prevalence of psychosis?

Answer 3

Approximately 3%.

Question 4

Define incidence in epidemiology.

Answer 4

The rate of new cases in a given population over a specific period.

Question 5

What is the incidence of psychosis?

Answer 5

About 20-30 cases per 100,000 per year.

Question 6

What are key symptoms of psychoses?

Answer 6

• Thought Disorder
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Negative Symptoms

Question 7

What is a thought disorder?

Answer 7

Incoherence in thinking.

Question 8

What are delusions?

Answer 8

False beliefs, such as persecution.

Question 9

What are hallucinations?

Answer 9

Perceptions without external stimuli, e.g., hearing voices.

Question 10

What are negative symptoms in psychosis?

Answer 10

Reduced emotional expression or motivation.

Question 11

List types of psychotic disorders.

Answer 11

• Schizophrenia
• Manic Psychosis
• Depressive Psychosis
• Brief Reactive Psychosis

Question 12

What is the average age of onset for psychosis?

Answer 12

Approximately 30 years.

Question 13

What percentage of individuals with psychosis sustain long-term employment?

Answer 13

Fewer than 20%.

Question 14

What is the economic burden of schizophrenia in the UK?

Answer 14

Costs exceed €7 billion annually.

Question 15

How is psychosis viewed in terms of frequency and severity?

Answer 15

On a continuum based on frequency, severity, and persistence.

Question 16

What percentage of the population is affected by psychotic disorders?

Answer 16

Approximately 3%.

Question 17

What percentage of the population experiences psychotic experiences?

Answer 17

Approximately 10%.

Question 18

What did the WHO DoSMED Study find about rates of psychosis?

Answer 18

Rates vary across locations.

Question 19

What were the incidence rates of psychosis in Aarhus and Chandigarh?

Answer 19

Aarhus (46/100,000) vs. Chandigarh (38/100,000).

Question 20

What does the EUGEI Study reveal about incidence rates?

Answer 20

Rates are 2x higher among migrant and minority populations.

Question 21

What are significant childhood adversities linked to psychosis?

Answer 21

• Parental Death (OR = 1.7)
• Physical Abuse (OR = 3.0)
• Bullying (OR = 2.4)

Question 22

What is the adjusted odds ratio for psychosis with one adversity?

Answer 22

1.46.

Question 23

What is the adjusted odds ratio for psychosis with five adversities?

Answer 23

4.70.

Question 24

What are key adult adversities linked to psychosis?

Answer 24

• Life Events (OR = 6.73)
• Discrimination (verbal OR = 2.86; physical OR = 4.77)

Question 25

What is the odds ratio for psychosis in unexposed individuals?

Answer 25

1.29.

Question 26

What is the combined odds ratio for individuals exposed to both childhood adversity and adult life events?

Answer 26

3.01.

Question 27

What are the course types of psychosis?

Answer 27

* Episodic * Continuous

Question 28

Which population shows higher rates of continuous psychosis?

Answer 28

Black Caribbean populations compared to White British populations.

Question 29

What factors influence treatment response in psychosis?

Answer 29

Early intervention and addressing social determinants.

Question 30

True or False: Psychosis rates and symptoms are uniform across different geographies.

Answer 30

False.

Question 31

What contributes to psychosis according to the summary?

Answer 31

Multiple pathways, including childhood adversity and adult life events.

Question 32

What can improve outcomes for psychosis?

Answer 32

Addressing social determinants.

Question 33

What percentage of those living with schizophrenia have employment which is long-term term?

Answer 33

Fewer than 20%

Question 34

What are symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 34

Hallucinations, delusions fought disorder, speech disorganised and negative symptoms

Question 35

How many years earlier people with schizophrenia likely to die?

Answer 35

20 years earlier than the general population

Question 36

What did the who EU-GEI study find?

Answer 36

Incident rates are two times higher amongst migrant and minority populations for psychosis Childhood adversity such as parental death, physical abuse of bullying increased the rates of psychosis and this increase was cumulative so the more adversity the more likely Stressful life events increase the risk of psychosis such as racial discrimination Urban city increase the risk of psychosis Cannabis use increase the risk of psychosis

Question 37

What did the intrepid studies find?

Answer 37

They were both episodic symptoms which come and go for psychosis and continuous symptoms without remission Psychosis rates were higher amongst black Caribbean compared to white British population Addressing social determinant early intervention impacted rates of psychosis

Question 38

Potential criticism to non-white individuals having more psychosis episodes, what was found

Answer 38

Morgan 2017 found that actually white British had higher rates of continuous episodes of psychosis compared to black Caribbean and black Africans therefore showing how it’s potentially diagnosed is wrong