Mental health stigma

Question 1

What is mental health related stigma and discrimination?

Answer 1

Co-occurrence of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination in a context in which power is exercised.

Sociological definition by Link B and Phelan J (2001)

Question 2

What are the three components of stigma as defined by Thornicroft and others?

Answer 2

Problems of:
* knowledge (ignorance or misinformation)
* attitudes (prejudice)
* behaviour (discrimination)

Public health definition

Question 3

What does the cycle of oppression involve?

Answer 3

Labelling, stereotyping, emotional reactions, separation, status loss, discrimination

F. Otitoju’s framework

Question 4

What are the FREDA principles fundamental to the Human Rights Act?

Answer 4

• Fairness
• Respect
• Equality
• Dignity
• Autonomy

These rights belong to all humans all of the time.

Question 5

What are the five themes identified in lay terms used by 13-14 year olds regarding mental health?

Answer 5

• Popular derogatory terms (116 items)
• Negative emotional state (61 items)
• Confusion between physical disabilities, learning difficulties, and mental health problems (38 items)
• Psychiatric diagnoses (15 items)
• Terms related to violence (9 items)

Rose et al 2007

Question 6

What is the Misuse of diagnosis according to Dr. Paul Appelbaum?

Answer 6

Diagnosis without full assessment is likely to be wrong, harmful, and discourage people from seeking psychiatric treatment.

Appelbaum’s statement on diagnosis practices

Question 7

What percentage of service users anticipate discrimination in at least one area of life?

Answer 7

92.6%

Farrelly et al study

Question 8

Fill in the blank: The commonest sources of discrimination are _______.

Answer 8

friends, family, neighbours, health professionals, employers

Common contacts in discrimination experiences

Question 9

What are the top three discrimination life areas identified in 2008 and 2014?

Answer 9

1. Being shunned
2. Friends
3. Family

Viewpoint survey of mental health service users

Question 10

What are the structural measures of stigma?

Answer 10

Discriminatory policies, disparities with physical health care, or policies such as insurance coverage

Structural discrimination measures

Question 11

What is diagnostic overshadowing?

Answer 11

When mental health issues are overlooked in favor of physical health conditions.

Common issue in mental health care

Question 12

What are the key conditions for effective contact-based education interventions?

Answer 12

Conditions include mutual respect, shared experiences, and equal status between participants.

Important for reducing stigma

Question 13

True or False: Stigma can only come from the general public.

Answer 13

False

People with lived experience can also stigmatize.

Question 14

What are some impacts of anticipated discrimination on individuals?

Answer 14

Withdrawal, ‘why try’ effect, and concealment of mental health issues.

Responses to anticipated discrimination

Question 15

What types of negative behaviours do friends exhibit towards individuals with mental health conditions?

Answer 15

• Shying away
• Turning their backs
• Reacting badly to the condition
• Being more distant

Common behaviours impacting mental health support

Question 16

What are the effects of stigma on welfare benefits for individuals with mental health conditions?

Answer 16

• Rigid systems
• Detrimental decisions
• Lack of understanding among benefits staff
• Perceived stigma

Systemic issues related to mental health welfare

Question 17

What is the role of public health campaigns in stigma reduction?

Answer 17

To improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours regarding mental health.

Essential for population level stigma reduction

Question 18

What is self-stigma?

Answer 18

The internalization of negative stereotypes and attitudes about one’s own mental health condition.

Can lead to decreased self-esteem and increased isolation

Question 19

What is the impact of professionals’ stigma on mental health care?

Answer 19

Leads to stereotypes, clinical fallacies, and inadequate treatment.

Stereotypes learned early can persist into medical training

Question 20

What does therapeutic pessimism refer to?

Answer 20

A belief that treatments for mental health conditions are ineffective.

Contributes to stigma among healthcare professionals

Question 21

What are some interventions to address self-stigma?

Answer 21

• Education
• Psychoeducation
• Cognitive techniques
• Skills training

Various methods to combat self-stigma

Question 22

What is the significance of the term ‘diagnostic overshadowing’ in mental health care?

Answer 22

It refers to the phenomenon where mental health conditions are overlooked due to the presence of physical health issues.

Can lead to inadequate treatment and increased suffering

Question 23

What is Photovoice?

Answer 23

A participatory research method that uses photography to capture and communicate personal experiences and perspectives.

Developed by Russinova in 2015.

Question 24

What is narrative enhancement and cognitive therapy?

Answer 24

A therapeutic approach aimed at reducing self-stigma by enhancing personal narratives and cognitive restructuring.

Referenced by Hansson in 2017.

Question 25

What is contact-based education?

Answer 25

An educational approach that involves direct interaction between different groups to reduce stigma. ## Footnote Discussed by Thornicroft in 2015.

Question 26

What is the significance of collaboration in contact-based education?

Answer 26

Working together on a common goal increases understanding and reduces prejudice. ## Footnote Key condition for effective contact.

Question 27

What is stereotype disconfirmation?

Answer 27

The process of challenging and disproving common stereotypes about a group through direct contact. ## Footnote Important for reducing stigma.

Question 28

What does equalisation of power differential refer to?

Answer 28

Creating an equal status between groups to facilitate meaningful interaction and understanding. ## Footnote A key condition for effective contact.

Question 29

How does contact-based education increase empathy?

Answer 29

By allowing individuals to engage directly with others, fostering understanding and emotional connection. ## Footnote A primary mechanism of how contact works.

Question 30

What role does knowledge play in reducing stigma?

Answer 30

Increases understanding of mental illness, contributing factors, and treatment options, thus reducing misconceptions. ## Footnote Overlap with educational approaches.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: Direct contact in contact-based education can be through _______.

Answer 31

face to face.

Question 32

What is indirect contact in the context of contact-based education?

Answer 32

Exposure to others through media, films, or virtual experiences rather than direct interaction. ## Footnote Includes parasocial interactions.

Question 33

What is extended contact?

Answer 33

Knowing someone who has contact with another group, which can help reduce prejudice. ## Footnote Important for increasing empathy.

Question 34

How can discussing the impact of stigma be approached?

Answer 34

By focusing on recovery journeys without blaming individuals for their experiences. ## Footnote A strategy to foster understanding.

Question 35

What should be avoided when discussing mental health issues?

Answer 35

Talking about biological differences or extreme trauma, as it may increase social distance. ## Footnote Important for effective communication.

Question 36

True or False: Stigma is a simple issue that can be easily addressed.

Answer 36

False.

Question 37

What are interventions targeting stigma required to consider?

Answer 37

Understanding the target group and utilizing evidence-based practices. ## Footnote Critical for effective interventions.

Question 38

What is the relationship between structural discrimination and contact-based education?

Answer 38

Addressing structural discrimination is essential and should not be overlooked in contact-based education. ## Footnote Highlighted in the summary.

Question 40

Explain the different interventions for different types of stigma

Answer 40

Stigma can include 1. psychoeducation 2. Cognitive therapy (wood 2018) Interpersonal stigma can include 1. Contact based education (Thornicroft 2015) 2. Education for multiple target groups (Gronhom 2017) 3. Psychoeducation for carers.

Question 41

In what ways does contact help?

Answer 41

It increases empathy and knowledge and reduces anxiety

Question 42

What are the different type types of contact?

Answer 42

1. Direct. 2. Para social or indirect. 3. Vicarious. 4. Extended such as knowing someone who knows someone in another group even if you don’t.