Epidimeology, Ethics And Biostats Flashcards
What is the equation for relative risk?
(A/A+B)/(C/C+D)
What is the equation for odds ratio?
AD/BC
When is odds ratio a good approximation of relative risk?
When the disease is not common in the population; so when there is a Low prevalence of diseases in the population
What does it mean if relative risk = 1?
It means there is no difference of disease rates between the exposed and unexposed groups
What should you do if parents are refusing a life saving treatment for their child in both an emergent and non-emergent situation?
Emergent: treat the kid and then get a court order
Non-emergent situation: get a court order and thenTreat the patient
In what circumstances can a doctor break the doctor- patient confidentiality?
- when the patient tells us to (i.e. Discussing Dx and tx with family)
- in legally reportable diseases
- in cases of child or elder abuse
- in cases where patient is suicidal or homicidal
- in cases where patient is a danger to the public (i.e. Cannot drive anymore)
- gun shot or other penetrating do trauma as a result of an assault
What to do when a cancer patient was emergently intubated in the ER and then family provides a DNI signed by the patient?
Extubate the patient; withdrawal of care is the same as withholding care
What to do when, patient says they do not want to know the result of their biopsy but their family members keep asking for the results?
Do not share the biopsy results with anyone; can only share with family if patient gives their consent.
In what circumstances can an unemancipated minor receive treatment without their parents consent?
When:
1) getting treatment for STD
2) in an emergency
3) when getting treatment for pregnancy
4) when requesting contraception
5) when requesting treatment/therapy for illicit drug use
A study shows that 325mg of ASA QD has no effect on cardiac events…what kind of error has taken place?
Type II or beta error where the null was not rejected when it should have been
Equation for sensitivity; in what type of tests should sensitivity be high?
Sensitivity= TP/TP+FN = 1-FN
Screening tests should have a high sensitivity
Equation of specificity ; in what type of tests should we desire high specificity?
Specificity = TN/ TN+FP = 1-FP
In confirmatory tests we aim to have a high specificity
Equation for PPV; what effect does prevalence have on PPV?
PPV= TP/ TP+FP
PPV increases when prevalence of a disease in a population increases
Equation for NPV; what effect does prevalence have on NPV?
NPV= TN/TN+FN
NPV increases with decreasing prevalence (inversely related)
Explain type I (alpha) and type II error (beta)
Type I error (alpha) is when the null hypothesis has been rejected when it is true
Type II error (beta) is when the null hypothesis has not been rejected when it is false
