epistaxis

Question 1

causes

Answer 1

Idiopathic
Trauma
Foreign Bodies
Inflammation
Tumour
drugs- warfarin, aspirin
Liver disease
Haemophilia
Leukaemia
Thrombocytopaenia
Arteriosclerosis
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu)
Systemic inflammatory conditions
Wegener’s Granulomatosis
Hypertension - causes prolonged bleeding but not primary cause of epistaxis

Question 2

treatment

Answer 2

External Pressure to Nose
Ice
Cautery
Nasal Packing

Tranexamic acid

Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation
Maxillary Artery Ligation
Anterior Ethmoidal Artery Ligation
External Carotid Artery Ligation
Radiological embolisation of bleeding vessel