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biosci > Epithelial tissue > Flashcards

Epithelial tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Function of epithelial tissues

A
  • Covers body surfaces
  • lines hollow organs
  • forms the glands of the body
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2
Q

What are cell junctions

A

Cell junctions are connection points between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells.

There are namely 5 types: gap junction, adherens junction, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and tight junction.

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3
Q

Key functions of epithelial tissues

A

A group of similar cells that work together to cover body surfaces and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands.

  • selective barriers (limit or aid transfer)
  • secretory (onto a free surface)
  • protective (especially from abrasion)
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4
Q

What do each arrow point to

A
  1. Tight junction
  2. adherens junction
  3. Gap junction
  4. Desmosome
  5. Hemidesmosome
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5
Q

What is the apical surface

A

The edge surface of epithelial tissue facing the body surface, body cavity, lumen of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions. They may contain cilia or microvilli

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6
Q

What is the lateral surface

A

The surface of an epithelial cells which face the adjacent cells on either side - these surfaces contain junctions (gap, desomosome, tight, adherens)

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7
Q

What is the basal surface

A

The deepest layer of epithelial cells facing the basement membrane - these may contain hemidesmosome junctions.

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton - Microfilaments

A
  • bundles beneath cell membrane and cytoplasm; strength; alter shape; link cytoplasm to membrane; tie cells together; muscle contraction e.g actin
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9
Q

Cytoskeleton - Intermediate filaments

A
  • strength; move materials through cytoplasm e.g keratin
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10
Q

How are epithelial cells arranged

A

Arranged into flat, continuous sheets and can be comprised of single or multiple layers

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11
Q

What is actin

A

A type of microfilament - protein bundles beneath cell membrane and cytoplasm that determine cell shape and structure and allow for muscle contraction

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12
Q

What is keratin

A

A type of intermediate filament - structural roles in the cytoplasm of cells, also allow movement of material within cytoplasm

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13
Q

Structure of tight junctions

A

Located near the apical surface
Strands of transmembrane proteins (claudins and occludins) link adjacent plasma membranes in a ‘sewing-like’ appearance
No gap is left

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14
Q

Function of tight junctions

A

Joins adjacent plasma membranes tightly together keeping cell polarity (ie electrically tight) by preventing migration of proteins between apical and basal surfaces

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15
Q

What cell junction is this

A

Tight junction

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16
Q

Where are tight junctions located

A

Stomach, intestines, and bladder

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17
Q

What are claudins and occludins?

A

Transmembrane proteins that form the tight junction

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18
Q

Structure of adherins junction

A

Located near the apical surface
Two plaques (patches of protein tissue) on each membrane linked together by transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherin) - belt-like appearance

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19
Q

What do the cadherins do in the adherens junction

A

Span the gap but links cell surface to Keratin

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20
Q

What do the catherins do in the adherens junction

A

Link the cadherins to Actin

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21
Q

Adherens junction prevents __ ____ from tensions forces like in contractions

A

Cell separation

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22
Q

What cell junction is this

A

Adherens junction

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23
Q

Structure of the desmosome junctions

A

A lateral wall and has plaques

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24
Q

What is the similarity between adherens and desmosome junctions

A

Both have plaques

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25
Q

What is the funciton of the desmosome junction

A

Resist shearing forces

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26
Q

What cell junction is this

A

Desmosome

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27
Q

What does keratin do in desmosome junction

A

Spans from one desmosome to another on other side of the cell - structural integrity

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28
Q

Where are desomosome junctions most commonly found

A

Skin epithelium and cardiac cells of the heart to prevent pulling apart

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29
Q

What is the structure of the gap junction

A

6 connexin protein molecules form a connexon or hemichannel.
2 hemichannels make up a gap junction

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30
Q

What is the function of the gap junction

A

Opens up a tunnel from one cell to another, and sends messages (irons, RNA etc.) and allows cell tissue communication. Also coordinated movement

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31
Q

What cell junction is this

A

Gap junction

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32
Q

How can gap junctions communicate

A

Open up a tunnel from one cell to another, send messages (ions, RNA etc)

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33
Q

What is the function of the hemidesmosome

A
  • Connects epithelia to basement membrane.
  • Links cellular basal intermediate filamentt (keratin) to basement membrane
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34
Q

What does integrin linker protein do in the hemidesmosome

A

Instead of cahderin, binds to the laminim in the BM and to Keratin (IF in cytoplasm)

35
Q

True of false: not all epithelia overlay a basement mebrane

A

False, All epithelia overlay (2 parts)

36
Q

True of false: not all epithelia overlay a basement mebrane

A

False, All epithelia overlay (2 parts)

37
Q

What are the two parts of the basement membrane

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Reticular lamina
38
Q

BM

What is the basal lamina secreted by and what does this contain

A

Secreted by epithelia cells contaning collage, laminim, other proteoglycans and glycoproteins etc.

39
Q

What is the reticular lamina produced by and what does the RL produce

A

Cells of underlying connective tissue known as fibroblasts.
Produces fibrous proteins such as fibronectin, collagen etc

40
Q

Where is the basement membrane found

A

Between epithelium and connective tissue

41
Q

Epithelia are avascular, what does this mean

A

They contain nerves but do not contain blood vessels

42
Q

How does exchange of nutrients and wastes take place by in the BM

A

Diffusion from vessles in the connective tissue

43
Q

Functions of the basement membrane

A
  1. Supports overlying epithelium
  2. provides surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth and wound healing
  3. acts as physical barrier
  4. participation in filtration of substances in kidney
44
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering and lining, and glandular

45
Q

What does covering and lining epithelia form

A
  • form outer covering of the skin and some internal organs
  • form inner lining of blood vessles, ducts, and body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
46
Q

What is the function of the glandular epithelium

A

Constitute the secretory portion of glands.

47
Q

What do simple epithelia do

A

Single layer for secretion, absorption and filtration

48
Q

Function of stratified epithelia

A

Protective

49
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia

A

Not all reach apical surface but all cells are in contact with the BM

50
Q

What does squamous shape help

A

Flat and thin shape helps allow passage by diffusion

51
Q

What does cuboidal shape allow

A

Tall and thin as they are wide (for secretion and absorption)

52
Q

What does columnar shape do

A

Tall and wide; for secretion and absorption

53
Q

What is transitional epithelium and what is its funciton

A

A stratified epithelium which cells change shape from cuboidal to flate depending on organ shape; allow stretch e.g urinary bladder

54
Q

What epithelial cell is this

A

Simple squamous

55
Q

What is the most delicate epithelium

A

Simple squamous

56
Q

Regards to their funciton

Where is simple squamous epithelium

A

Where filtration (kidney); diffusion (lung); secretion where slippery surface needed (e.g outer layer of serous membrane)

57
Q

Appearance of simple squamous

A

Thin, flat somewhat irregular cells like fried eggs

58
Q

What are the two specialised subtypes of simple squamous epithelium

A
  • Mesothelium: lines pericardial, pleural, peritoneal cavities
  • Endothelium: lines inside of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
59
Q

What are location examples of simple squamous

A
  • Bowman’s capsule of kidney
  • cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
  • inside eye
  • alveoli of lungs
  • visceral cavity linings
  • inside blood vessels
  • inside heart
60
Q

What does serous membrane (serosa) in simple squamous line/found

A

Lines the body cavity and viscera

61
Q

Features/function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Where there is secretion and absorption

62
Q

Location examples of sumple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Pancreas ducts
  • parts of kidney tubules
  • anterior surface of lens
  • pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina
  • secretory part of some glands like thyroid
63
Q

What do each 5 parts of the microvili labelled

A
  1. microvolli
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
  4. basal lamina
  5. loose connective tissue
64
Q

What epithelial tissue is this, and label all four sectinons on the right

A
  1. simple cuboidal epithelium
  2. nucleus of simple cuboidal cell
  3. lumen of duct
  4. connective tissue
65
Q

Features of simple columnar epithelium

A

More cytoplasm so more organelles

66
Q

Two major subtypes of simple columnar epithelium

A
  1. non ciliated
  2. ciliated
67
Q

What epithelial tissue is this

A

Non ciliated simple columnar epithelium

68
Q

What epithelial tissue is this

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

69
Q

What are goblet cells

A

Modified colunar cell: full of mucous, sit in intestinal wall, squirts mucous for lubrication in large instestine for faeces.

70
Q

Location examples and functions of of non-ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Lines gut mucosa from stomach to anus; ducts of many glands’ gall bladder
Function: secretion and lubrication (goblet); and absorption

71
Q

Does only one or both ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium have goblet cells

A

Both have goblet cells

72
Q

Locatione examples of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Bronchioles
  • uterine fallopian tubes
  • sinuses
  • central canal of spinal cord
  • ventricles of brain
73
Q

Function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Synchronous movement assists motility of mucus and foreign objects or oocytes

74
Q

Located where

Featurs of stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Where mechanical or chemical stresses are severe - some severe places contain keratin which makes surface tough and waterproof)
  • all forms protect against microbes
75
Q

Two subtypes of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Keratinised and non-keratinised

76
Q

Location example(s) of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

Skin

77
Q

Location examples of non-keratinised epithelium

A

Mouth, throat, tongue, esophagus, and vagina

78
Q

What epithelia tissue is this

A

Non-keratinised epithlium

79
Q

Function of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Protection from abrasion, defence from microbes, require secretions from glands
80
Q

What epithelial tissue is this

A

Keratinised simple squamous epithelium

81
Q

Specialised subtypes of columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated and non

82
Q

Does both or only one of either ciliated and non-ciliated columnar epithelium have goblet cells

A

Non-ciliated none but ciliated does

83
Q

Examples of locations of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and function

A

Located most of upper airways
Secrete mucus and move it

84
Q

Examples of locations of non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and function

A

Located: larger ducts of glands, epididymus, part of male urethra
Function: absorption and protection

biosci (28 decks)

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