Epithelium

Question 1

what is present between epithelium and connective tissue?

Answer 1

basement membrane or basement lamina

Question 2

what does the basal lamina composed of

Answer 2

adhesive glycoproteins laminin, anchored by adhesive glycoprotein entactin and heparan sulfate perlecan and collagen type IV fibril

Question 3

luminal surface of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels are lined by what type of epithelium?

Answer 3

endothelium

Question 4

body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal ) are lined by what epithelium?

Answer 4

mesothelium

Question 5

different types of covering epithelium?

Answer 5

simple
stratified
pseudostartified

Question 6

the two type of cells in psedustratified ?

Answer 6

tall columnar and short

Question 7

what type of cells in pseudostratified faces the lumen of the organ ?

Answer 7

the tall columnar

Question 8

what are the shape of simple squamous in outline?

Answer 8

polygonal

Question 9

where is the nucleus present in the simple squamous?

Answer 9

in the center

Question 10

when cut perpendicular (simple squamous) what do they give appearance of? and why?

Answer 10

fusiform (spindle shaped) because the central region is thicker then the peripherally cytoplasmic region

Question 11

list down the places where simple squamous is present?

Answer 11

the endothelium (inner surface of hear, bood vessels, lymph vessels) and mesothellium ( plerual, pericardial and peritoneal cavity) also type I alveolar cells

Question 12

surface view of simple cuboidal cells show what shape?

Answer 12

hexagonal

Question 13

what is the shape and location of nucleus in simple cuboidal?

Answer 13

center and spherical

Question 14

location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 14

the follicles of the thyroid gland

and distal convoluted tubule

Question 15

the shape and location of nucleus of simple columnar cells?

Answer 15

oval and near the base of cell

Question 16

where are simple columnar cells present?

Answer 16

in stomach, intestine, uterus and gallbladder

Question 17

what are the modifications on simple cuboidal cells and on what surface?

Answer 17

on the apical surface and it has microvilli, stereocilia, kinocilia

Question 18

the basal layer of stratified squamous is what shaped?

Answer 18

low columnar or cuboidal

Question 19

the layer next to basal layer is what shaped cells?

Answer 19

its polygonal cells

Question 20

2 types of stratified squamous?

Answer 20

keratinized and non keratinized

Question 21

the intracellular space b/w the squamous cells in stratified squamous contains what?

Answer 21

water proofing glycolipid

Question 22

the stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium has what difference with keratinized?

Answer 22

it doesnt contain keratin. it has nucleus

Question 23

where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium present?

Answer 23

epidermis of our skin

Question 24

where is non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium present?

Answer 24

oropharynx, esophagus and oral cavity

Question 25

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium present?

Answer 25

epithelial lining of larger ducts (pancrease and salivary glands)

Question 26

where are stratified columnar epithelium present

Answer 26

conjunctiva of the eye and male urethra

Question 27

where is transitional epithelium present?

Answer 27

lower urinary tract

Question 28

what is another word of transitional epithelium?

Answer 28

urothelium

Question 29

what it is urothelium specially designed for?

Answer 29

to withstand the stretch produced by distention of the urinary passage because of storing and colaection of urine.

Question 30

urothelium prevents?

Answer 30

the diffusion of urine back into the tissues of the urinary tract

Question 31

in undistended urothelium how many layers present?

Answer 31

6 layers

Question 32

what is the shape of 3 layers?

Answer 32

basal layer is cuboidal upper layer of basal is polygonal and the superficial layer is convex (umbrella shaped)

Question 33

in distended how many layers present?

Answer 33

3 layers

Question 34

the area that is rigid and thick on the superficial layer on transitional epithelium are?

Answer 34

plaque

Question 35

what are fusiform vesicle ?

Answer 35

when the luminal plasma membrance of the superficial layer folds the plague invaginate into the cytoplasm and these temporary stored invaginations are called fusiform vesicle

Question 36

what are the two features which make the transitional epithelium impermeable barrier ?

Answer 36

1. laminal plasmalemma of the cells are impermeable to salts | 2. cells are strongly bound with zonula occludentes and multiple desmosomes

Question 37

where are pseudostartified columnar epithelium present?

Answer 37

conducting respiratory tract | and male genitial ducts

Question 38

modifications of pseudostratified epi?

Answer 38

kinocilia and stereocilia

Question 39

shape of neuroepithelia

Answer 39

tall columnar

Question 40

location of neuroepithelia?

Answer 40

taste buds and vestibulocochlear receptor system of internal ear

Question 41

shape of myoepithelial glands?

Answer 41

star shaped

Question 42

location of myoepithelial glands?

Answer 42

secretory acini of mammary, lacrimal, sweat glands

Question 43

what are microvilli?

Answer 43

slender small finger like projections on the surface of epithelial cell facing the lumen of an organ

Question 44

central bundle of microvillus contains?

Answer 44

20-30 microfilaments

Question 45

these microfilaments are joined by?

Answer 45

actin binding protein fimbrin and fascin

Question 46

microvilli when extending into the apical cytoplasm get embedded in?

Answer 46

terminal web

Question 47

microvilli at terminal web are associated with?

Answer 47

spectrin and myosin-II

Question 48

what place of internal epithelial surface is known as striated border?

Answer 48

small intestinal columnar epithelial cells

Question 49

microvilli are also present where except intestine?

Answer 49

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 50

association of microvilli with myosin-II allowes?

Answer 50

contractile oscillatory movement

Question 51

where are cillia found?

Answer 51

where there is transport of fluid or film of mucus

Question 52

location of cillia?

Answer 52

respiratory tract, uterine tube, neuroepithelium

Question 53

cillia is kinocilia why?

Answer 53

because it has to and fro motion

Question 54

there is a core complex of microtubules in cillia called?

Answer 54

axoneme

Question 55

there are microtubules arranged in axoneme how?

Answer 55

9+2 arrangement

Question 56

how many of these microtubules are doublet?

Answer 56

2

Question 57

how many is a single pair and where they are?

Answer 57

one single and on central part

Question 58

all these microtubules are enclosed in a thin sheath called?

Answer 58

central sheath

Question 59

microtubule A has how many protofilaments?

Answer 59

13

Question 60

B has?

Answer 60

10

Question 61

the adjacent doublets are linked with each other thorugh?

Answer 61

protein bridge called nexins

Question 62

the doublets are radially joined to the central sheath by?

Answer 62

spoke

Question 63

prootfilament A has hook type arms on the outer covering made of protein?

Answer 63

dynein

Question 64

dynein makes temporary?

Answer 64

cross bridges when activated by atp with microtubule B

Question 65

why stereocilia called stereocillia?

Answer 65

they are still and can not move

Question 66

why stereocilia give tuft like appearance?

Answer 66

they are long flexible and their ends wind with each other giving a tuft look

Question 67

where are stereocilia present?

Answer 67

epididymis and vas deferens

Question 68

what is the function of stereocilia in epididymis and vas deferens

Answer 68

increase mucosal surface area for reabsorption of the fluids and spermatozoa

Question 69

two main functions of lateral domain?

Answer 69

adhesion and cell to cell communication

Question 70

on what adhesion of lateral domain is dependent on?

Answer 70

cadherin ( adhesive glycoprotein) presence of invagination and evaginations and adhering and occluding junctions

Question 71

cell to cell communication is dependent on?

Answer 71

nexuses

Question 72

3 features of basal domain

Answer 72

1. basement membrane 2. hemidesmosomes 3. infoldings of plasmalemma

Question 73

what is basement membrane?

Answer 73

is the extracellular material between the epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue

Question 74

what is hemidesmosomes/

Answer 74

hemidesmosomes connect the epithelial cells to the basal lamina

Question 75

infoldings of plasmalemma is a special feature of those cells which are involved in?

Answer 75

active transport of ions and molecules

Question 76

how infoldings accommodate active transport?

Answer 76

increase surface area, more transport proteins and has mitochondria?

Question 77

where is mitochondria present in infoldings?

Answer 77

between the infoldings

Question 78

the basal regions of those epithelial cells which have infoldings show what type of striations and in what stain?

Answer 78

eosinophilic striations in H&E stain

Question 79

these striations are made by?

Answer 79

mitochondria

Question 80

where are these infoldings and striations present?

Answer 80

prox and dist convoluted tubules and salivary glands

Question 81

the membrane of basal lamina is composed of two layers:

Answer 81

basal lamina and reticular lamina

Question 82

what is the thickness of basal lamina?

Answer 82

80-100mm

Question 83

components of basal lamina?

Answer 83

fibrils of collagen type IV glycoprotein laminin entactin which holds the laminins together heparan sulfate- perlecan

Question 84

basal lamina has two layers called as?

Answer 84

basal lucida and basal densa

Question 85

what does reticular lamina composed of?

Answer 85

``` reticular fibrils glycosaminoglycans heparin sulfate hyaluronic acid collages type VII ```

Question 86

where in body a single basal membrane present b/w two epithelial cell layers

Answer 86

alveoli and glomerulus