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Fundamentals of Medicine: Exam II > Epithelium and Glands > Flashcards

Epithelium and Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial cells are packed closely together and have a little ____ material. They have ____ membrane which separates epithelium from connective tissue.

A

Intercellular
Basement

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2
Q

Epithelial cells functions include: ______

A

Protection, sensory detection, secretion, and absorption

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3
Q

_______ are epithelial cells that line blood and lymphatic vessels. _____ lines, body walls, and covers the closed cavities of the body. _____ lines ventricles and atria of heart.

A

Endothelium
Mesothelium
Endocardium

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4
Q

Germ layers in the embryo are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. All epithelial cells are derived from one of these three layers. ________ derived epithelia, _______ derived epithelia, and _____ derived epithelia

A

Ectodermally
Mesodermally
Endodermally

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5
Q

Epithelial cells either adhere to the ____ membrane or to other epithelial cells

A

Basement

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6
Q

The ___ ____ is a fibrous, extra cellular tissue that anchors epithelium to connected tissue. It also functions as a barrier for malignancy it also functions and signaling and filtration.

A

Basement membrane

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7
Q

There are two portions of the basement membrane: ______ ____ (collagens, laminins, and proteoglycans) (PAS stain)
And
____ ____

A

Basal lamina
Reticular lamina

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8
Q

This shows a:

A

Basement membrane, apical surface faces outside, lateral surface, and the basal surface

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9
Q

____ has the thickest basement membrane. The basement membrane is relatively unstained compared to other tissue.

A

Trachea

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10
Q

The ____ stain is a good way to stain the basement membrane

A

PAS

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11
Q

Layer classification: _____
Shape of cell: _____

A

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified
Squamous cuboidal columnar

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12
Q

Simple epithelium is ____ layer thick. _____ is more than one cell layer. ____ appears like more than one layer but it is really only one layer

A

One
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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13
Q

This shows

A

Simple epithelium

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14
Q

This shows

A

Stratified epithelium

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15
Q

This shows

A

Pseudostratified

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16
Q

_______ cells are flattened. _____ or box shaped. ______ are rectangular.

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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17
Q

This shows

A

Simple squamous

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18
Q

This shows

A

Simple squamous on the very outside, hard to see

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19
Q

This shows

A

Simple cuboidal , found in tubular type organs

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20
Q

This shows

A

Simple cuboidal

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21
Q

This shows

A

Simple columnar

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22
Q

This shows

A

Simple columnar

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23
Q

This shows

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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24
Q

This shows

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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25
Q

This shows

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Non keratinized

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26
Q

This shows

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Nonkeratinized

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27
Q

_____ cells at the surface are dead with no nucleus

A

Keratinized

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28
Q

This shows

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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29
Q

This shows

A

Keratinized stratified squamous
At the bottom of foot

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30
Q

This shows

A

Stratified cuboidal

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31
Q

This shows

A

Stratified cuboidal

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32
Q

This shows

A

Stratified columnar

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33
Q

This shows

A

Stratified columnar

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34
Q

_____ epithelial has stretching function in the urinary tract: bladder

A

Transitional

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35
Q

This shows

A

Transitional epithelium, look for pear shape

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36
Q

This shows

A

Transitional epithelium, look for binuclei cells

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37
Q

Review

A
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38
Q

Review

A
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39
Q

Review

A
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40
Q

Cell adhesion molecules are usually ____ proteins. They mediate cell to cell and sell to extra cellular matrix interactions. Types include: _______

A

Transmembrane
Integrins, cadherins, selectins, nectins, and immuno globulin superfamily

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41
Q

_____ mediate cell to matrix interactions. They occur in heterodimers with ___ and ___ subunits. They frequently bind to RGD (____ , ____, ____) sequences found on extra cellular matrix molecules

A

Integrins
Alpha and beta
Arginine , glycine, aspartic acid

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42
Q

This shows

A

An integrin

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43
Q

Integrins are usually parts of the ______, which mediate intermediate filaments in the cell. They also function in ____ ____ with actin filaments

A

Hemidesmosomes
Focal adhesions

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44
Q

_____ are homotypic meaning they can only bind to the same type of cadherin. They function in cell to cell adhesion. They are ___ dependent. Found at anchoring junctions. They are ____ proteins

A

Cadherins
Calcium
Transmembrane

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45
Q

This shows

A

Cadherins interacting with actin filaments between two cells

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46
Q

The lateral membrane of cells have ____ junctions, _____ junctions, and _____ junctions

A

Ocluding
Anchoring
Communicating

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47
Q

This shows

A

Cell to cell junctions

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48
Q

______ _____ junctions are tight junctions. They are formed by ____ and ____

A

Zonula/occludens
Claudins and occludins

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49
Q

This shows

A

Zonula tight junctions
Look for the mesh patterns

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50
Q

Zonula tight junctions holds ____ proteins in their correct location

A

Integral

51
Q

____ ____ or a belt desmosome are composed of ______ linked to actin filaments

A

Zonula adherins
Cadherins

52
Q

Zonula adherens help _____ individual cells and maintain spacing

A

Align

53
Q

_____ or desmosomes are formed by _____ that are anchored into plaques that are connected to intermediate filaments

A

Macular adherens
Cadherins

54
Q

Desmosomes are located in little spots around the cell and are not ______.

A

Continuous

55
Q

Tight junctions, belt Desmosomes, and spot Desmosomes form the ____ ____

A

Junctional complex

56
Q

This shows

A

Junctional complex
Dark staining region at the surface of cell

57
Q

This shows

A

Junctional complexes
They are very near the apical surface but are located on the lateral surface

58
Q

_____ junctions or Nexus are complexes of proteins that form a channel between two cells that small molecules can pass through

A

Gap

59
Q

______ line up with other ____ in a different cell and form a gap junction

A

Connexon
Connexon

60
Q

Review

A

The first three are the Junctional complex

61
Q

The basal membrane contains _____ junctions: focal adhesions and Hemidesmosomes

A

Anchoring

62
Q

This shows

A

Hemidesmosome: Integrins interacting with intermediate filaments

63
Q

This shows

A

Hemidesmosomes

64
Q

Focal adhesions interact with _____ ____

A

Intermediate filaments

65
Q

______ is the interaction of all these junctions for the function of the cell

A

Mechanotransduction

66
Q
A
67
Q

The apical membrane has surface specializations including: _____

A

Microvilli, stereocilia, and cilia

68
Q

_____ have a core of microfilaments. They are covered with the cell membrane, and have thick _____ regions, meaning we can use the PAS to stain them.

A

Microvilli
Glycocalyx

69
Q

____ are often found in absorptive epithelial forming a brush border. They increase the ____ ____ of the cell.

A

Microvilli
Surface area

70
Q

Microvilli have _____ for hydrolysis of carbohydrates. ____ ____ keep these enzymes trapped on the apical surface

A

Enzymes
Tight junctions

71
Q

Microvilli are anchored in the ____ ____, interweaving of actin filaments

A

Terminal web

72
Q

This is showing

A

Microvilli

73
Q

______ are not cilia but usually very long Microvilli. They are non motile. They are found in ducts of male _____ system. Found in hair cells of _____ in the ear.

A

Stereocilia
Reproductive
Corti

74
Q

This shows

A

Stereocilia

75
Q

This compares

A

Microvilli to stereocilia

76
Q

_____ cilia have 9+2 axoneme, associated with motor proteins. Function is motility. Location is large numbers on apical region of epithelial cells

A

Motile

77
Q

_____ cilia have 9+0 axoneme without microtubule associated motor proteins. Function in chemo sensors. Location is solitary projections found in nearly all cells.

A

Primary

78
Q

_____ cilia have 9+0 Axoneme with microtubules associated proteins. Function is rational movement. Location is primitive node of the bilaminar embryonic disc

A

Nodal

79
Q

Cilia are covered by the ____ ____ and arise from ___ ___ in apical cytoplasm of cells

A

Cell membrane
Basal bodies

80
Q

This shows

A

Cilia on pseudostratified epithelium

81
Q

9 peripheral doublet microtubules have a complete tubule called _____ and an incomplete tubule called ____. Spokes that come off from each is the ____ ____

A

Subfiber A
Subfiber B
Dynein arms

82
Q

This shows

A

Cilia

83
Q

____ arm walks toward the minus end of the microtubule

A

Dynein

84
Q

_____ are similar to cilia but are much longer. Usually only 1 or 2 per cell. Whip like motion

A

Flagella

85
Q

This is showing

A

Microvilli

86
Q

Review

A
87
Q

Review

A
88
Q

Review

A
89
Q

Epithelia cells are _____. The nutrients have to diffuse through connective tissue and basement membrane. _____ ____ of sensory nerves may penetrate basal lamina for nervous supply.

A

Avascular
Terminal branches

90
Q

There are different types of epithelial membrane. _____ membrane lines the closed cavities. ____ membrane lines the open cavities and canals. ____ membrane is found in the skin

A

Serous
Mucous
Cutaneous

91
Q

____ membrane lines the inner surface of joint capsules in connective tissue

A

Synovial

92
Q
A
93
Q

Glands:
______ is the part of an organ that conducts the specific function of the organ. ____ is the supportive cells.

A

Parenchyma
Stroma

94
Q

_____ are derived from the invagination of epithelial surfaces

A

Glands

95
Q

Terms
Alveolar is the same as ____
Alveolus is the same as ____
Alveoli is the same as ____

A

Acinar
Acinus
Acini

96
Q

_____ gland have ducts. They secrete substances into a lumen. _____ do not have ducts. They secrete into connective tissue or blood.

A

Exocrine
Endocrine

97
Q

Development of glands:

A
98
Q

Types of exocrine glands:
1. _____ secretion: substances exit from the surface of cells
2. _____ secretion: buds of the cytoplasm that contain the secretory product
3. ______ secretion: secretory cells secrets as much of the substance it can and then dies

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

99
Q

____ secretions are watery. They are poorly glycosylated. Granules are darkly stand with Yosan or hematoxylin. Nucleus often round.

A

Serous

100
Q

____ secretions are slimy and viscous. They are heavily glycosylated, water soluble, and lost in tissue preparation, use PAS. Nucleus is often compressed or pushed to the side.

A

Mucous

101
Q

When using H&E stain, ____ gland is very dark and colorful, the ____ gland does not stain at all.

A

Serous
Mucous

102
Q

_____ exocrine glands have a tube shaped secretory portion. ______ gland has a flasklike shaped secretory portion. ______ gland has both

A

Tubular
Alveolar
Tubule-alveolar

103
Q

If the duct doesn’t branch it is ____. When the duct branches it is called ____.

A

Simple
Compound

104
Q

Classifications if glands:

A
105
Q

Shorter epithelial cells or cuboidal are often _____ ducts.

A

Intercalated
(Interglobular)

106
Q

Striated cells are often ______ ducts.

A

Excretory

107
Q

____ _____ is a fixation artifact. Mucous cells fix faster than serous cells, and are more rigid. Serous cells are soft and get squeezed to the outside firing the half moon shape around it

A

Serous demilunes

108
Q

_____ cells attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes. They also attach to adjacent luminal cells by desmosomes. They are spindle shaped they form a basket like network. they contract similar to smooth muscle cells and squeeze the product out. they are found in sweat, memory, lacrimal, and salivary glands.

A

Myoepithelial cells

109
Q

What is this showing

A

Myoepithelial cell

110
Q

Myoepithelial cells contract around luminal cells during ____.

A

Lactation

111
Q

This is showing

A

Serous acini (alveoli)
Look for dark stain, the nuclei are mostly round and oval in shape

112
Q

This is showing:

A

Serous acini,
Look for round nucleus

113
Q

This is showing

A

Mucous acini
Look for absence of staining. The nuclei are pressed to the outside

114
Q

This is showing

A

A mixture of mucous acini and serous acini

115
Q

_____ cells are unicellular glands, single cell. They are modified columnar epithelial cells.

A

Goblet

116
Q

Review

A
117
Q
A
118
Q

What type of structure would be used to attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

119
Q
A
120
Q
A
121
Q
A
122
Q
A

Transitional, not simple cuboidal

123
Q

____ and ____ are filled with microtubules

A

Cilia and flagella
Not Microvilli or stereocilia

124
Q
A

Fundamentals of Medicine: Exam II (19 decks)

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