Immune: The Basics

Question 1

The primary ___ ___ is the skin

Answer 1

Physical barrier

Question 2

____ ____ trap pathogens that are exposed to the outside environment

Answer 2

Mucous membrane

Question 3

The ___ ____ competes for pathogens for nutrients and space

Answer 3

Normal flora

Question 4

____ ____ mounts an immediate but no specific response if a pathogen gets past the surface barriers

Answer 4

Innate response

Question 5

The ____ ____ takes longer but is more effective and specifically targets the pathogen. It also has a memory

Answer 5

Adaptive response

Question 6

All leukocytes (white blood cells) are derived from ____ ____ cells in the bone marrow

Answer 6

Hematopoietic stem

Question 7

The first response of the innate immune system is inflammation. _____ ingest the pathogen and release cytokines which are inflammatory inducing.

Answer 7

Macrophages

Question 8

Inflammation causes more blood flow and faster reaction from ____ that come from the blood

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Question 9

Activated endothelial cells that line the blood vessel attach to neutrophils, slow them down and allow them to ____ through

Answer 9

Squeeze

Question 10

Neutrophils ____ bacteria, and destroy them with toxic peroxides. They release highly oxidated materials, known as an ___ ___ that kills pathogens, faster and more efficiently. This also kills the neutrophils which results in ___

Answer 10

Engulf
Oxidative burst
Pus

Question 11

The adaptive immune response begins with antigen presenting cells (APC): ____ cells and ____

Answer 11

Dendritic
Macrophages

Question 12

Dendritic cells swallow pathogens, cut them into pieces and display them on their ____

Answer 12

Surface

Question 13

____ ____ pick up the dendritic cells and bring them to lymph nodes. Were they present the antigen to ____ ___

Answer 13

Lymphatic capillaries
T cells

Question 14

If the pathogen itself travels to the lymph node it may encounter a ___ ___ that recognizes it

Answer 14

B cell

Question 15

The ___ ___ is key to the adaptive immune system. Matched T cells and B cells undergo differentiation, called ___ ___. This process produces memory cells.

Answer 15

Matched system
Clonal expansion

Question 16

___ ___ are activated cytotoxic T cells that arise from clonal expansion and plasma B cells that produce ___ that are both specific to the pathogen

Answer 16

Effector cells
Antibodies

Question 17

Cytotoxic T cells and memory B cells leave the lymph nodes and are delivered to the site of ___. Antibodies attached to pathogens and either neutralize them or target them for destruction.

Answer 17

Infection

Question 18

The ___ ___ runs a “background check” on everything flowing through the blood stream to make sure there are no pathogens

Answer 18

Lymphatic system

Question 19

The lymphatic system maintains ____ by eventually returning the fluid that has been diverted back into your blood. If this process is blocked ____ would swell, lungs would fill with ___ , and blood volume and pressure would drop

Answer 19

Homeostasis
Ankles
Fluid

Question 20

____ is a watery solution that does not contain red blood cells. It remains in the closed circulatory loop because they are too large to pass through capillary membrane’s

Answer 20

Lymph

Question 21

There are 600 or 700 ___ ____ that basically serve as checkpoints that monitor and clean the lymph is it filters through

Answer 21

Lymph nodes

Question 22

The ___ and ___ provide a nursery for maturing immune cells

Answer 22

Spleen
Thymus

Question 23

____ carry blood from the arterial and feed blood into your Venul

Answer 23

Capillaries

Question 24

Blood pressure at capillaries forces ____ out of the arterial end of the capillaries, and into the interstitial fluid. Most of this fluid is reabsorbed via ____ ___ on the Venus end. But some plasma is left behind, which becomes your ____

Answer 24

Plasma
Osmotic pressure
Lymph

Question 25

____ ____ intertwined with the blood capillaries and pick up the lymph

Answer 25

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 26

The lymph is then brought through various lymph nodes, and drains in lymphatic ___

Answer 26

Ducts

Question 27

The ___ ___ duct feeds all of the lymph from the right side of your head, right torso, and right arm into the internal jugular vein

Answer 27

Right lymphatic

Question 28

The larger ___ ___ takes lymph from the rest of the body and drains it into the subclavian vein

Answer 28

Thoracic duct

Question 29

The lymphatic system filters about ___ liters of lymph per day. This can have serious effects if this volume is not returned to your blood.

Answer 29

3

Question 30

_____ are located in lymph nodes and search the lymph for invaders

Answer 30

Lymphocytes

Question 31

Lymphocytes are found in, and mature in the ___ ____ connective tissue that makes up a large part of the nodes and most of your other lymphoid organs

Answer 31

Loose reticular

Question 32

A lymph node will become ____ if it is overwhelmed by a pathogen

Answer 32

Inflamed

Question 33

_____ are mucosal lymph nodes, that inspect pathogens that come in through your airway

Answer 33

Tonsils

Question 34

____ ___ are mucosal lymph nodes located in the distal portion of the small intestine

Answer 34

Peyers patch