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Geography - Migration > EQ1 > Flashcards

EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the consequence of rural to urban migration in London?

A

30% of people who work there do not live there, according to the 2011 census.

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2
Q

What are the factors that have increased globalisation?

A

1) Technological advancement
2) free movement of people
3) Growing population.
(Increased globalisation does not mean increased migration immediately)

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3
Q

What is a core-periphery system?

A

A state where there is uneven distribution of wealth within core and periphery regions, which leads to rural-urban migration. This uneven distribution of people can then lead to further migration.

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4
Q

What is migration backwash?

A

It is the benefit that periphery regions receive when core regions flourish. This may be in the form of primary labour and material goods.

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5
Q

What is China’s background with migration?

A

Urban population of 60%.
250 mil people have moved from the country to the city since 1978, largest internal migration in the world.
It has 10 megacities and 100 cities.

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6
Q

Why is internal migration an issue for China?

A

The large rural-urban migration was causing degradation in rural areas.

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7
Q

What did China do to fix the issue of rural to urban migration?

A

They introduced ‘Hukou’. A policy which made it incredibly expensive to change residencies. This, however is now seen as too harsh, and free movement of people within a territory is considered a human right.

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8
Q

What is the Schengen agreement?

A

Signed in Luxembourg in 1995, it is the arrangement that all people can move freely between the member states of the EU

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9
Q

What are the benefits to the Schengen Agreement?

A

Aims to increase the UK’s economy, and the wider economy of the EU.
It increases remittances which boosts source country economy.
Allows for free movement which many people believe to be a human right.

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10
Q

What are the costs of the Schengen agreement?

A

The observed decline in the participation in Schengen would cost the EU $100 bill in border security.
Far-right pressure groups are becoming more common and increasing tension.

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11
Q

What are the most significant statistics surrounding migration?

A

3-4% of people now live in a country they were not born in.
There are 230 million global migrants.
Approximately $580 billion is made in global remittances.

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12
Q

How are migration patterns changing from India to the UK?

A

India used to have the largest number of migrants entering the UK at 75.3 thousand people a year. Now, 39.6 thousand enter.

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13
Q

How are migration patterns changing from Poland to the UK?

A

Polish migration became the largest in 2006, because of its joining the European Union.

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14
Q

How have migration patterns changed between Ukraine and the UK?

A

Because of the Russia, Ukraine conflict, 160,000 refugees have entered the UK.

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15
Q

What is Singapore’s policy on migration?

A

Large ethnic enclaves and diasporas are found in Singapore, due to its multiculturalism. As a significant dock during its colonisation by the British Empire, it became a large cultural hub. Therefore, it has a multitude of languages, religions, and food traditions.

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16
Q

What’s the migration policy in Japan?

A

They have a very homogenous mindset, only allowing few migrants into the county because of a difficult citizenship test. Less than 2% of the population of Japan are migrants, with a less than 1% pass rate on their citizenship test.

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17
Q

What is the migration policy in Australia?

A

50% of the 160,000 migrants to Australia were from the UK, China, or India. This is because they are economic migrants. in 1901, they passed a policy with a white-only sentiment, but they have become more liberal after this.

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18
Q

How do social/political events impact migration?

A

Political Conflict such as the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in 2021 has increased migration into Europe. 8.1 million people have been displaced.

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19
Q

How do environmental events impact migration?

A

Desertification due to climate change in places such as the Sahel have increased migration. Tectonic events such as the 2023 earthquake in Syria has left 103,000 internally displaced.

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20
Q

How do economic events impact migration?

A

The Global financial Crisis of 2008 led to the lowest NET migration within Europe in 60 years, as most people couldn’t afford to leve their country of birth.

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21
Q

Apply and describe Lee’s Migration Model.

A

Source region: Where migrants come from (Ukraine)
Host regions: Where migrants go to (UK)
Intervening obstacles: Physical, economic, or physical barriers which stop a person moving to a country. E.g., The English Channel, or the UK point-based immigration system.

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22
Q

What are the causes of migration?

A
  • Conflict
  • Better economic opportunity
  • Established friends and family
  • persecution
  • poverty
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23
Q

What are the issues with mass-migration?

A
  • Negative public perception
  • increased tensions
  • accusations of terrorism
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24
Q

Why is free movement permitted between certain countries?

A

Because it allows for the most economic efficiency. However, this does hold the view that humans are an economic resource. (Neo-liberalism)

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25
Q

What impact does migration have on the UK’s national identity?

A

A mix of different cultures and customs come to the UK, this leads to th creation of diasporas and ethnic enclaves.

26
Q

What impact do trade blocs have on sovereignty?

A

‘Soft power’ tactics lead to less sovereignty, which is why the UK left the EU. However, maintaining a role in national decision-making is important, so the UK is part of the WTO and UN.

27
Q

How does free movement impact open borders?

A

It can lead to the growing tensions and resentment of many nationalist parties such as the SNP and FNF.

28
Q

What are the barriers to free movement?

A

Free movement is not yet global, as most countries wish to control and monitor movement. E.g., Trump stopped allowing people crossing over the border from Mexico, and he prohibited the entrance of people from Muslim of middle-Eastern countries.

29
Q

What 4 factors impact rates of assimilation?

A
  • Government policy
  • Degrees of difference between peoples.
  • Length of residence.
  • Reason for migration.
30
Q

What is the internal migration pattern of the UK?

A

A north-South shift of people due to the economic hub of London bringing opportunity and the deindustrialisation of the North. This means house prices trippled in London.

31
Q

How does government policy impact rates of assimilation?

A

In the Netherlands, it used to be that 20% of the population were migrants. The government did not push assimilation, as they provided many legal documents in multiple languages. However, they soon began to increase assimilation due to building pressure from far-right groups. Because of this, segregation is experienced by migrants since 1998.

32
Q

How does degree of difference impact rates of assimilation in the UK?

A

When cultures are extremely different from English culture, ethnic enclaves are formed around cultural facilities, such as Halal butchers and mosques around the Mulim diaspora in Bradford. Whereas, in the 1800’s, the Irish integrated into British culture rapidly.

33
Q

How does length of residents impact rates of assimilation?

A

If a person is in a place longer, they will experience more assimilation due to longer exposure. However, this doesn’t guarantee faster assimilation, as some people deliberately hold onto their culture as to not assimilate.

34
Q

How does reason for migration impact assimilation?

A

If a person has fleed a country because they wish to leave the culture behind them because of persecution of conflict, they will assimilate more quickly. This occurre in Germany, Where Syrian refugees have adopted German food traits and language quickly.

35
Q

What are the UK’s cultural dynamics?

A

domestic core = British culture
large established groups = Irish pub culture in the UK.
Recently arrived = 160,000 Ukrainian refugees.
Counter-culture = Jewish groups in South London surround a Kosher food supply.

36
Q

Has Turkish assimilation been successful in Germany?

A

3 million migrants in Germany
2.5 / 8 for cultural assimilation (Citizenship and marriage)
4.5 / 8 for economic assimilation.
It has not been very successful.

37
Q

What are the four acculturation outcomes?

A

assimilation: Adoption of core culture, non maintenance of sub culture.
Integration: Adoption of core culture and maintenance of sub-culture.
seperation: non-adoption of societal culture, maintenance of core culture.
marginalisation: non-adoption of core culture, non maintenance of sub-culture.

38
Q

What are the UK’s migrant statistics?

A

13% migrant population.
93% of wellfare and job-seekers allowance were born English.
76% of Bulgarian and Bolivian Migrants moved for work.

39
Q

How does migration cause political tensions in Japan?

A
  • Homogenous beliefs
  • 1/7 thought migration was beneficial. (Gaijin = foreigner)
  • > 2% of Japan’s population in migrants.
  • Japan has an ageing population which would benefit from younger migrant workers.
40
Q

How does migration cause political tensions in the US and Mexico?

A

11.8 mill people in America are Mexican migrants. America is extremely split in its opinion, as 51% say it strengthens the country, and 41% says it weakens the country.
Republicans are anti-immigrant.

41
Q

What is the public perception of migration in the UK?

A

Younger generations believe it is a good thing, as it ecnourages diversity and inclusion. This is shown through the adoption of the BLM movement into British culture.
Older generations view migration as a more negative thing, this is demonstrated through the EU referendum voting to leave.

42
Q

What factors impact a persons ability to migrate?

A

1) Wealth
2) Skills
3) Borders
4) Qualifications
5) Established friends and family

43
Q

How does wealth impact a person’s ability to migrate?

A

Someone who is more wealthy is more likely to be able to migrate, as migration legally or illegally is expensive.
Mexican immigrants pay $4,000 - $10,000 to people smugglers to get them over the border.
The average investment into migration in the UK is $1,500,000.

44
Q

How do Skills impacts a person’s ability to migrate?

A

If they have more skills and better skills, they are likely to have less barriers to migrate. E.g., Australia has an immigration point-based system in which 65 points is needded to enter. high-skilled jobs such as quaternary IT jobs are 60 points, wellfare and secondary jobs are worth 40 points.

45
Q

How do Qualifications impact a person’s ability to migrate?

A

Higher qualifications mean it may be easier for someone to migrate. Singapore has a system whereby a degree titles you as ‘foreign talent’ and will increase your chance of acceptance.

46
Q

How do borders impacts a person’s ability to migrate?

A

Open borders will increase the flow of migrants around countries, and therefore remove barriers such as border control. the Schengen agreement allows free movement of people throughout the EU, which increases migration.

47
Q

How does iceland view its borders?

A

Historically, due to the isolation of Iceland from the rest of the world, colonial powers found it incredibly hard to reach. Therefore, it gained no major connection with the rest of the world until the early 20th century.

48
Q

How does Singapore view its borders?

A

It has many open borders due to its history as a colonial dock. England used it as a major hub of shipping industry dueing the British Empire, and therefore many different migrants flooded there for work. This therefore means many religions, cultural enclaves, and diasporas have formed, such as the Islamic, Christian/ And Jewish communities. This means a culmination of many different cultural traits.

49
Q

What are the three different types of borders?

A

historical border
colonial / political border
physical / natural border

50
Q

What and where is a physical / natural border?

A

A landmark which physically divides two places and is relatively difficult to overcome, making a natural birder between regions. E.g., The Niagara River falls between Canada and the USA.

51
Q

What and where is a political / colonial border?

A

A border which has been drawn by colonial powers as a way to divide up land, often for the explouitation of resources. This occurred in Rwanda, where the Germans, French, and British all split Africa into 50 states in 1885. this division has little to no regard for linguistic or cultural difference.

52
Q

What and where is a historical border?

A

A border which has been established over many hundreds of years due to the linguistic an cultural differences of people within them. E.g., the divide between Portugal and Spain along the Guadiana International Bridge has been there since 1297.

53
Q

Where are there prevelant contested borders?

A
  • Rwanda and Africa
  • Iraq and Syria
  • Russia and Ukraine
  • Kashmir and Pakistan and India.
54
Q

Why is the Russia / Ukraine border contested? What is its history?

A

Putin believes that the ethnic identity of those living in Ukraine is Russian. Because of this, he believes the historical border of Russia includes Ukraine. This is why he annexxed in 2014, and why he invaded in 2022. This has led to 8.1 million people fleeing Ukraine.

55
Q

Why is the Iraq / Syria border contested?

A

The Kurdish population was divided in 1925. They moved into 4 different nations: Iraq, Syia, Iran, Turkey. This led to contested ideals of which country owned the land, and therefore a war occurred.

56
Q

Why is the Kashmir border contested?

A

The people of Kashmir were given the choice to join either Pakistan or India when Pakistan became a sovereign state in 1947. They decided to allign with india. However, the people of Pakistan believed this was incorrect, as 70% of the population was Muslim.

57
Q

Which two states are not recognised by the UN?

A

Taiwan and Kosovo.

58
Q

Why is Taiwan not considered a sovereign state?

A

China declared that the UN could only identify with China OR Taiwan, not both.

59
Q

Why is Kosovo not considered a sovereign state?

A

Kosovo wanted independence from Iraq in 2008 ,as it believed it had a very different ethnic population. However, they were legally denied the right to be recognised. However, they did unilaterally declare independence.

60
Q

How many EU member atates are there?

A

27

61
Q

What is backwash?

A

Flow of migrants, resources, and capital from petiphery to core.

62
Q

What is the definition of a refugee?

A

Someone who has been granted asylum.

Geography - Migration (6 decks)

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