EQ2: Why might regeneration be needed? Flashcards
(32 cards)
1
Q
What is perception and why might it differ between people?
A
PERCEPTION
- A vital part of a lived experience and affects how people engage with their place. It varies between individuals and groups of people and depends on factors including age, social class, ethnicity and overall quality of life. These factors may be real or imagined. People may give mainly positive or negative views about their place, which may alter over time (it is subjective).
DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION
a) Place identity can be a source of strength but may also be parochial, where people feel trapped and cut off from opportunities.
b) Perception of residents may differ according to the type and position of people; their needs and aspirations:
- Young people in high-earning jobs will enjoy the fast pace of life.
- Long term unemployed will have more negative views about their quality of life in a successful place.
- Retirees may view places offering a slower pace of life with a pleasant climate.
- Most will view the quality of the environment in rural places positively.
2
Q
How do you measure the success of an area and why might this lead to a negative cycle?
A
MEASURING SUCCESS
- Success is measured by high levels of employment, output levels (GVA, GDP), inward-migration and quality of life, and low levels of deprivation. Regions perceived as success tend to be self-sustaining as more people and investment are drawn to opportunities created, both from inside the country and from other places.
NEGATIVE EXTERNALATIES
a) Success may lead to negative externalities:
- Overheated property prices.
- Congestion of roads and public transport.
- Skill shortages (insufficiently trained workers to do quaternary and quinary jobs for the new growing economy).
3
Q
What is Myrdal’s Cumulative Causation Model?
A
MYRDAL’S CUMULATIVE CAUSATION MODEL
- A model in which one form of institution will lead to successive changes in other institutions.
- In terms of regeneration, investment brings industries linked to infrastructure producing larger pools of labour, increases in local services, population rising and so does spending which leads to further successive changes.
4
Q
Why is Berkshire a Successful Region?
A
STRENGTHS
- Well connected -
a) The M4 motorway runs through the county of Berkshire from East to West.
b) Influenced by Heathrow airport in Hounslow.
c) M25 in the East gives access to the whole of London and immediate Home Counties.
d) Close to the South coast, movement of goods via the channel.
e) Rail links to London to Paddington (Great Western Railway) and Waterloo (South-Western Railway). - Population -
a) The population grew by 6.4% between 2001 and 2011 (16.3% in Slough - the fastest growing town in SE England) through inward migration (internally and internationally).
b) The population is very well educated/well qualified, almost half of all Berkshire workers are employed in knowledge-based, managerial and professional occupations.
c) Low levels of Multiple Deprivation - West Berkshire district ranks 291 out of 326 local authorities areas (making it the 35th least deprived district in England).
d) Good schools are found in the local area, meaning that there is a well-educated workforce. - Wealth -
a) The wealth of the residents helps to support the rural economy through things such as farm shops with the economy being boosted by tourists.
b) Demand for living space has meant that Berkshire is home to some of the most expensive villages in the UK.
c) Some that have historical/royal connections (Bucklebury is home of the Middleton family), or setting for TV dramas such as Midsummer Murders.
d) National Trust properties bring in tourists into the area as well as Ascot racecourse and horse race industry. - Employment -
a) High rates of employment in the principal towns such as Reading, Slough and Bracknell which are attracting young professionals.
b) M4 Corridor is England’s Silicon Valley is home to major ICT companies such as Microsoft, Amazon, Citrix Systems and Dell.
c) Slough trading estate (UK’s largest industrial park) hosts the headquarters of TNC’s.
d) Companies are co-locating/relocating due to the variety of business there as it acts as a talent magnet, drawing in people, who specialise in that sector, to work there.
e) In 2011 alone they recruited between 7,000 and 11,000 workers from outside the EU.
WEAKNESSES
- Challenges -
a) Property prices are a concern with prices rising 40-50% in the years 2005-2015 (Zoopla).
b) In September 2015m prices for a six bedroom properties were in excess of £2 million.
c) Property prices are out of reach for 20% of the working-age population (LEP).
d) Thames Valley Berkshire Local Enterprise Partnership had only 0.4% of its neighbourhoods in the most deprived 10% of national areas according to the 2015 index of Multiple Deprivation.
e) Aldermaston village both have increasingly elderly populations for whom the cost of fuel for cars is too high, however, the populations are too small to commercially justify a bus service.
f) Skill shortage = Will need an additional 70,000 well-qualified workers by 2020.
g) Over-reliance on key industries (such as ICT in Reading).
5
Q
What is economic restructuring?
A
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
- Economic restructuring refers to the phenomenon of Western urban areas shifting from a manufacturing to a service sector economic base.
6
Q
What is the Rust Belt?
A
RUST BELT
- Term created in the 1980s, The concentration of problems associated with the loss of core employment and large scale de-industrialisation of the once-powerful manufacturing areas that fell into economic restructuring/decline following automation and global shift and free trade.
- The area is characterised by derelict buildings and mass unemployment.
- It is located in the N.E USA stretching from Michigan to New York. Cities include Detroit (Home to automobile manufacturing - Ford) and Pittsburg.
7
Q
Why did the Rust Belt decline?
A
RUST BELT DECLINE
- Overseas competition as companies (China) produced cheaper coal and steel, so outsourcing costs were cheaper.
a) Automation - lack of need for manual workers, so the industry moved to Mexico. - Mining companies have mechanised to cut costs (resulting in job losses and mass unemployment in these areas, prompting decline.
a) Unemployment was 14.6% in June 2009 in Michigan. - Lower wage costs in the South-Eastern USA have led to the relocation of steel and car industries.
a) 80,000 jobs were lost in car manufacturing in Michigan during the period 1993-2008.
b) 90,000 jobs were gained in states such as Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia and Texas. - Current US Coal industry only survives because of government subsidies that keep prices low - costing US$2.9 Billion in 2014-2015.
a) Without subsidies, companies cannot compete globally and would be forced to close - creating a negative multiplier.
b) Michigan voted for Trump - attracted to promise of economic improvement.
- High-income jobs in the primary and secondary sectors have been replaced with low-wage tertiary jobs in retail and local government.
- Recent gentrification.
- In 2015, 30 restaurants opened.
- The highest concentration of designers in the US.
8
Q
What are the impacts of industrial URBAN decline in the Rust Belt?
A
DETROIT
- Population decline
a) Brain drain as many qualified individuals look for alternative high-paying jobs.
b) ‘White Flight’ (The phenomenon of white people moving out of urban areas, particularly those with significant minority populations, and into suburban areas) as the mass movement of communities in search of a better quality of life.
c) Anti-social behaviour grew as gangs began to form in the Detroit areas, growing out of the poverty and deprivation found there.
- Race riots in 1943 and 1967 - causing social/racial tensions.
d) From 1950 (1.85 million) to 2010 (0.7 million) = 1.14 million moved out. - Urban Decay
a) As a result of the decrease in population.
b) As well as an increase in unemployment, crime and poverty levels.
c) The area was left flooded with brownfield sites which stopped any new investment, as it deterred businesses from moving there. - Lack of investment to escape the further decline
a) Local businesses shut down due to reduced footfall from automotive workers, and the lack of disposable incomes.
b) Reduced revenue for councils as consumer spending falls (The USA has a local sale tax paid at the till), but also increased spending commitments has caused by those claiming welfare.
c) Intergenerational inequality being passed, unless social intervention in the form such as education or regeneration.
9
Q
What are the impacts of industrial RURAL decline in the Rust Belt?
A
BEATTYVILLE
- ‘Coal county’ in Beattyville, Kentucky (through the Appalachian Mountains.
a) Industry’s decline has caused many social problems, its population of 1270 lived in mainly trailer homes or log cabins.
b) Built a reputation for poverty and crime. - Median annual household income was $12,000 (£8,000), whereas the national median was $54,000 (£27,000)
a) Over 50% of its families lived below the poverty line.
b) 33% of teenagers left high school without graduating, only 5% had college degrees.
c) Homelessness forced families to live together with three or more generations under one roof. - Drug crime was rife, based on re-selling prescription drugs/opioid painkillers.
a) In 2013, drug overdoses accounted for 56% of all accidental deaths in Kentucky.
b) Men’s life expectancy was 8 years below the US average at 68.3 years. - Struggling rural location as the ageing population can’t cope with the out-migration of young people.
10
Q
What is a negative multiplier?
A
NEGATIVE MULTIPLIER (CYCLE OF DECLINE) - A downward spiral or cycle, where economic conditions produce less spending and less incentive for business to invest (therefore, reducing opportunities).
- A business or industry shuts down in an area.
- Many people leave in search of work due to mass unemployment, decreasing the population.
- Local businesses see a decline due to reduced revenue and the local government sees a decline in tax revenue, closing shops and services.
- The reduced wealth in an area leads to less investment in an area as well as its public services (Education and Health) which decreases the overall quality of life in the area.
- The area sees urban and environmental decay, as well as crime and vandalism, increasing.
11
Q
What is the difference between a Reinventor and Replicator City?
A
REINVENTOR CITIES
- They have changed their economic base successfully by encouraging IT and digital media, with having higher wages, graduate workers, new businesses and productivity.
REPLICATOR CITIES
- Have replaced cotton mills with call centres and dockyards with distribution centres and are less sustainable. They tend to have a higher share of workers with low qualifications and a working-age population claiming benefits.
12
Q
What is the North-South and Urban divide?
A
NORTH-SOUTH AND URBAN DIVIDE
- May widen over the next few years because of the reversal by governments of decades of subsidies and support for struggling areas. The safety blanket of many local government employees and high welfare payments is over in our ‘austerity era’.
13
Q
What factors create different priorities for regeneration?
A
PRIORITIES FOR REGENERATION
- Economic and social inequalities create differing priorities for regeneration (poverty and deprived area need to be tackled).
- The most successful schemes begin with an assessment of the problems, and then use that information to create a vision for the future followed by an action plan.
- It is the responsibility of local and national governments to decide where financial resources should be spent in order to reduce the level of economic and social inequality.
- As conditions decline those who are more financially able are more likely to move.
Two extremes of social segregation and residential sorting:
Social Segregation/Residential Sorting - When groups are segregated into groups on the basis of their social class type or occupation and ethnicity. They prefer to live close to those with the same status. Low-income households tend to seek out communities that provide lower cost housing and have higher social welfare spending High-income groups similarly cluster together and, if they move into a previously lower income location, may gentrify it
14
Q
What is social segregation and residential sorting?
A
SOCIAL SEGREGATION AND RESIDENTIAL SORTING - When groups are segregated into groups on the basis of their social class type or occupation and ethnicity. They prefer to live close to those with the same status.
Two extremes of social segregation and residential sorting:
- Low-income households tend to seek out communities that provide lower-cost housing and have higher social welfare spending.
- High-income groups similarly cluster together and, if they move into a previously lower-income location, may gentrify it.
15
Q
What are the 4 types of social segregation and residential sorting?
A
4 TYPES OF SOCIAL SEGREGATION AND RESIDENTIAL SORTING
- Gated Communities
a) Found in urban or rural settlements as either individual buildings or groups of houses. They are landscapes of surveillance, with CCTV and often 24/7 security guards.
- They are often neighbourhoods separating affluent residents from deprived areas with gates to improve safety and also to deter access by unknown people and reduce crime.
b) Trends stems from the 1980s in the USA where architects and planners created a fortress-type architecture in regenerated inner-city locations.
c) Replicated in Surrey and London Docklands following regeneration.
- Yet, where gentrification occurs, gated communities may be built to segregate the incomers from locals who are perceived to pose a threat. - Commuter Villages
a) Settlements that have a proportion of their population living in them but who commute out daily or weekly, usually to larger settlements either nearby or further afield.
b) In 2011, 19.8 million people live in Rural Areas in England with 98% in accessible rural places.
- Many commuters attracted to ‘best’ prime location and ‘wealth corridors’ (Sevenoaks, Kent) which have developed links through high-speed railways and motorways.
- Regeneration focuses on ‘affordable housing’ and boosting service provisions.
c) Itchen Valley, Winchester.
- It is a commuter hotspot due to its proximity to the M3, A31 and efficient mainline rail services (South-Western Railway) into London.
- 1,900 residents
- The area has seen an influx of young families, which has breathed new life into the local schools and 4 local pubs.
- The average house prices have been driven up to £588,882. - Sink Estate
a) Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gang warfare.
b) Originates from 30 years of government policy that has resulted in segregating low-income groups needing social assistance from the rest of society. Ironically, many council housing estates were built to improve living conditions for poorer residents.
c) Hartlepool, Middlesbrough.
- Has struggled since the 1980s due to deindustrialisation and has seen 20,000 people leave since 1990.
- Deindustrialised since the 1980s, 20,00 left since 1990.
- 2008 global recession worsened the decline.
- 2015 closure of SSI Steelworks in Redcar aggravated the decline.
- Small scale local businesses have closed following chain stores shutting due to a decline in the number of customers.
- The local Unemployment rate is almost twice the national UK average.
- There are high levels of anti-social behaviour and a lack of opportunities.
- ⅓ (33%) of children attend a school that requires improvement and a high amount suffer from mental health problems.
- Low life expectancy and lowered house prices (£57,000 in 2015).
- 10% of Middleborough wards are in the bottom 1% of deprived areas in England. - Declining rural settlements
a) A struggling rural location as the ageing population can’t cope with the out-migration of young people, leading to the breakdown of the community as businesses can no longer function.
- This creates a reputation for poverty and crime which deters people from locating there.
b) Llansilin, Powys, Wales
- The village is home to under 700 people
In the 50% least deprived in Wales (community, safety, housing, health…).
- Average house price was £230,000 in 2015.
- 46.8% of those in rural Wales is within the 10% of with the least access to services in the UK (GP surgery, pharmacy, schools, post offices, banks, libraries…
- Cars are an essential element of life
16
Q
What is civic engagement?
A
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
- The ways in which people participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life for others or to shape their community’s future (volunteering, setting up community services or supporting local charity).
- Yet can also be measured by people actively participating in the politics of their area.
17
Q
How can you measure civic engagement?
A
MEASURING CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
- National Elections -
a) 7.5 million eligible voters were not registered in 2015. Voter turnout has decreased from 78% to 60% (1992-2001). Correlation, not causation.
b) Traditionally, rural voters are more supportive of the Conservatives.
c) Rural voters tend to have higher turnouts in elections than urban voters. - Local Elections -
a) The local election turnout was only 36% in 2014.
b) Young people (18-24) are the most underrepresented with only 40-50% turnout recently.
c) Devolution can reverse Political Apathy - there was an 84.6% turnout in the 2014 Scottish referendum. - Development and Support for Local Community Groups -
a) Ranges from committees running local allotments, open spaces and nature reserves.
b) Campaigns including vociferous ‘NIMBY’ (Not In My Backyard) groups protesting over planned developments such as new housing, fracking and wind farms.
c) Many groups focused on fundraising and helping more vulnerable people in the local community, such as meals on wheels and community transport to hospitals.
d) Residents in an estate may form a group and can be effective in reducing antisocial behaviour.
e) Regeneration relies on community participation at all stages.
f) Charitable status is also an important funding mechanism, with the internet making information and support for such groups more accessible.
g) The volunteering sector has also been effective in youth mentoring schemes, addiction treatment centres and welfare-to-work organisations.
h) Increasing debates about identity and calls for political devolution, terrorist attacks and other events lead to the joining of communities as well as promoting a sense of national places/linked citizenship.
18
Q
What can a lack of civic engagement lead to?
A
LACK OF CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
- Can cause political apathy when people unwilling accept the conditions they find themselves in but feel powerless to do anything about them, which allows exploitation of local areas by ‘top-down’ decision-makers who wield more power and influence than local residents.
- But if local residents object strongly to proposed local regeneration and development plans because of perceived inequalities, their sense of frustration may often produce greater community engagement.
19
Q
What is lived experience and attachment to place and what 2 factors affect a person’s sense of place?
A
LIVED EXPERIENCE
- The actual experience of living in a particular place or environment. Such experience can have a profound impact on a person’s perception and values, as well as on their general development and their outlook on the world.
ATTACHMENT TO PLACE
- The perception about/attachment to any place will depend on obvious factors such as age, length of residence, ethnicity and deprivation, but also the media’s portrayal and whether the government and private business policies, programmes and projects are successful for that particular person.
2 FACTORS AFFECTING SENSE OF PLACE
- Membership - A feeling of belonging, familiarity and being accepted.
- Influence - A sense of playing a part in a place, and hence caring about it.
20
Q
How and why can attachment and engagement to a place vary?
A
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ATTACHMENT AND ENGAGEMENT TO A PLACE
- Age
a) Larger elderly communities will devout more time to community activities (as they have more free time) and are more likely to vote.
b) Young people are disinterested as there’s a lack of services suited to them, less engaged, they see a place as temporary.
- Globalisation threatens young people’s attachment to an area as it permeates everyday life (internet - social networking and cultural influences - music, food and fashion).
- This creates a sense of global citizens of culture which leads to a struggle in finding a sense of acceptance in the local societies in which they live in. - Ethnicity
a) Non-white British may differ their views because of local antipathy or acceptance.
- Ethnic minorities may face prejudice and hardships and so want change/are more likely to vote.
b) White, older generations are keen to preserve tradition and will be attached with a similar national interest.
c) Marginalisation and exclusion of social groups are found when their dominant, core culture threatens the established culture.
d) SOCIAL POLARISATION - Process of segregation within a society that emerges from income inequality and economic restructuring; it results in the clustering of high-income, elite professionals, or conversely of low-income social groups dominated by low-skilled service jobs. - Length of Residence
a) A short length of residence (migrants and students) are less engaged and less attachment.
b) Non-UK born and not staying for a long period of time will not develop engagement with the community.
c) Long term locals are more passionate as they carry associated memories and sentimental attachment to the place.
d) Place identity may be proudly flaunted by locals (Geordie, Scouse, Brummie, Del Boy…).
- Local language a dialect may foster a sense of place, emphasising identity and attachment to place (similar people found there).
- Support for local football clubs deepens people’s identity, football nicknames highlights their history (Sheffield United are known as the Blades due to city’s links to Steel). - Gender
a) Women tend to be more involved in community groups as they may have fewer commitments (i.e. raising children).
- If they have children, they may be more active in their local community to bring up their child in a secure, safe environment. - Levels of Deprivation
a) Higher levels of deprivation may be associated with anti-establishment views.
b) Those in deprived areas are less to vote due to voter apathy.
c) Deprivation decreases mobility - may feel trapped, negative attitude.
- Those in temporary accommodation or rented housing mat feel ‘less at home’ than owners occupiers.
21
Q
How might there be a rural-urban dependency?
A
RURAL-URBAN DEPENDENCY
- People in rural areas depend on towns and cities for many key services (specialised healthcare, higher education and leisure).
- Commuter villages and towns may also depend on urban areas for employment.
- Urban people rely on the countryside for food and non-food products and value the landscape and environment for leisure and recreation.
22
Q
What are the causes of conflict among contrasting groups in communities?
A
CONFLICTS AMONGST CONTRASTING GROUPS
- Conflicts can occur among contrasting groups in communities that have different views about the priorities and strategies for regeneration, these have complex causes:
1. A lack of political; engagement and representation, Yet online campaigning/protests (Clicktivism) has replaced this.
2. Ethnic tensions (Yet loyalty of Non-White communities to a place may become more important than their ethnicity and region). - When there is inequality, engagement increases.
3. A lack of economic opportunity.
23
Q
What were the causes of the 2011 London Riots?
A
2011 LONDON RIOTS (4th August - 11th August)
- Poor relations between police and the black ethnic community in Tottenham.
a) Police stop-and-search tactics alienated population.
- A culture of racial and age profiling.
- Black people are 30 times more likely than white people to be stopped and searched by Police in a 2012 Guardian Article.
- 46% were black, 42% were white and 7% Asian.
b) Death of Mark Duggan (Shot August 4th).
- Operation Trident, which at that time investigated gun crime within the black community. - Urban deprivation.
a) Petty criminality grew to loot.
b) Poor education provisions.
- Rioters were generally poorer and educated to a lower level.
- 33% had no qualification higher than GCSE.
- 42% were in receipt of free school meals compared to an average of 16%.
- The government set out cutbacks to the EMA (Education Maintenance Allowance). - High youth unemployment.
a) The average age was 21.
- About 75% of those in the Guardian/LSE study, were aged 24 or under, with just over 25% of prosecutions involving juveniles under 18.
- 90% of those who have appeared before the courts were male.
b) Increased university tuition fees to combat the economic recession. - Social inequality and lack of economic opportunity.
a) Inequality in wages, wealth and life chances.
b) Dependent on the state-led to political antipathy.
- 35% of adults were claiming out-of-work benefits, which compares to a national average of 12%. - An unusually warm summer.
a) Evidence suggests an association between summer heat and violence, that elevated temperatures exacerbate anger and trigger aggressive actions. - Conflicts over regeneration.
a) Council planning a regeneration zone in an already densely populated area - favouring gentrification.
b) The Mayor of London has invested £28m into Tottenham which will rebuild the Peacock industrial estate creating 5,000 new jobs.
- Yet the reopening of the Peacock Industrial Estate will result in the closure of local businesses.
c) The borough of Haringey already has some of the highest unemployment in London.
d) ‘Our Tottenham’ group set up to help voice opposition to the regeneration group N17.
e) Residents wouldn’t be able to rehoused locally.
- This would drive up rents as locals couldn’t afford to stay.
- Some argue that regeneration will end the religious diversity in the local area and price local people out of the area.
24
Q
What is the difference between Quantitative data and Qualitative Data?
A
QUANTITATIVE DATA
- Data that can be quantified and measured, as it is objective with numerical values. (IMD in Government Census, Statistics…).
QUALITATIVE DATA
- Data that cannot be measured, but acts to describe as it is subjective with perception and opinions.
25
What are Lower Layer Super Output Areas?
LOWER LAYER SUPER OUTPUT AREAS
- Geographic hierarchy designed to improve the reporting of small area statistics in England and Wales. They are built from groups of contiguous Output Areas and have been automatically generated to be as consistent in population size as possible, and typically contain from four to six Output Areas. The Minimum population is 1000 and the mean is 1500.
26
What different data collection and presentation techniques can be used to measure the need for regeneration?
1. DATA COLLECTION
a) QUESTIONNAIRES
- Using a mix of open an of closed questions may be a useful source of data for all research into inequalities. Success is seen in stratified samples and a large data set.
b) ORAL ACCOUNTS
- Can provide evidence of subjective perspectives on places.
c) FILTERING PROCESSES
- Evidence of filtering processes, as postcodes, either become less desirable and offer cheaper accommodation, or more desirable and costly to buy rent.
d) ELECTORAL DATA
- Contrast the characteristics of electoral areas and identify which factors lie behind the electoral engagement of locals. Can easily find data on electoral history from the local authority and electoral commission as well as local newspapers, and see if it follows national trends.
e) NEWSPAPERS
- Local newspapers and other publications will have adverts and list local community groups. Neighbourhood Watch signs and other adverts posted on local notice boards. You could also evaluate the different forms of media.
f) STUDENT CONFLICTS
- The impacts and conflicts with locals, with the location of student housing, could be found through land-use maps, estate agents and the local university. Conflicts could be found through checking local news reports, police records, resident questionnaires and contacting the Student Union representative.
DATA PRESENTATION
a) CATEGORISATION
- Line graphs can help investigate temporal changes (over a period of time). The categorisation of factors is an important skill, and geographers often use economic, social, political and physical categories.
b) COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL TABLES
- Simple comparison tables when profiling a local place including headings (Health, income, life expectancy, levels of education…). Using data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and local authority websites. Public Health England and interpretations by media (Guardian, BBC) will gain a sense of perspective.
c) STATISTICS
- Electoral boundaries and wards change as populations rise and fall to keep equal constituency numbers. Postcode areas do not always reflect the same boundaries. Functional areas, such as school catchments, may differ as well.
d) POPULATION PYRAMIDS
- Best when using percentages for comparison purposes.
e) INDEX OF MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION AND GIS
- More quantitative and objective data may be found in a place by using the IMD. When investigating the IMD you will need the LSOA code or postcode to find your place. The final figures can be mapped and used in GIS applications. Excel spreadsheets on the separate domains and overall IMD for your local place can be found for all English LSOA’s. You could also test the strength of relations, however, correlation does not always mean causation.
f) CONCEPT MAPPING
- Establish your own sense of place and your identity and then compare with others to see if age, gender or length of residence affects the perception of the local place.
27
What general evidence can be used to determine regeneration?
EVIDENCE FOR REGENERATION
- House prices and demands.
- School demands.
- Index of Multiple Deprivation.
- Average Income.
- Crime rate.
- Level of education/qualifications.
- Population density and population predictions.
- Council data of the area.
- Photographic data of the area.
- Consultations with local businesses and residents.
- Demands in the area/Other social demands (GPs).
28
Why may New Malden need regeneration?
WHY MAY NEW MALDEN NEED REGENERATION
1. Kingston’s population is set to increase by 30% by 2036, with most of the growth being in the young professional groups. With more well-paid individuals in the Borough, taxes will be higher and the council will be able to develop more of its essential services.
a) Current services are already oversubscribed:
- GP services.
- The Kingston Academy was built in 2015 in order to meet school intake, and there are already plans to expand/build a new 420 place school.
- 72% students get 5 passes in GCSE.
2. From 2015 to 2035, there will be a total of 14,337 more people needing homes, New Malden needs regeneration in order to meet demand.
a) 5.7% of all New Malden’s homes are overcrowded.
3. 2016 report showed that Kingston will require a smaller number of 1 and 2 bedroom dwellings, and more 3 and 4 bedroom dwellings. However due to making the best use of land in London, to best meets the requirements smaller units should be built.
4. PTAL Rating (Public Transport Accessibility Level) 3/4 (good public transport services).
5. The crime rate (Beverly) is the second-highest in the Borough.
6. Unemployment = 4%.
7. Median house price = £560,000.
8. ⅓ of St James’ Ward is in the top 60% most deprived LSOA’s in England overall.
9. Ethnic demographic.
a) 49.9% = White.
b) 20.8% = Other Asian.
- Large Korean population could alienate people.
10. Age Demographic.
a) 20% = 0-15.
b) 60% = 16-64 (36% = 25-49).
c) 20% = 65+ (Ageing population will need more sheltered and accessible accommodation.
11. Percentage of managers and directors 12.3% (higher than England average 10.3%).
12. There are areas of neglect and pockets of deprivation throughout the borough.
29
Why might different media sources present differing views?
NEWSPAPERS
- Different newspapers write from varying political slants.
- Local news is less likely to carry Political Bias.
- Daily Mail and The Sun are likely to exaggerate to increase eyeballs on their papers.
- Guardian is more left-wing and may favour the Labour party.
30
What are some of the regeneration projects in New Malden (Kingston)?
REGENERATION PROJECTS
1. Cocks Crescent
a) Cocks Crescent will be transformed into a vibrant, mixed-use development which will become the new heart of New Malden District Centre.
b) A new cohesive character will make a substantial contribution to the vitality, viability and attractiveness of the district centre and high street.
c) The comprehensive redevelopment will respond to the aspirations of the local community and the needs of the wider borough.
d) Development on the site will enable the reprovision of a new community leisure and wellbeing hub including a 25m swimming pool and community use spaces.
e) No net loss of open space which will include a new public square to support community and civic use.
f) Delivery of high-quality and affordable homes that embody exceptional sustainability features and respond appropriately to the character of the local area.
g) Improved public realm and open space, with enhanced pedestrian connections that re-connect the site to its surroundings.
h) Enhanced connections to the borough’s growing cycling network.
i) Strengths.
- Close to the high street.
- Links to London.
- Bus lines.
- Malden Centre = key attractor.
j) Opportunities.
Community hub.
Encouraged walking and cycling.
Boost the local economy.
k) Weaknesses.
- There are land parcels cleared of development.
- Blagdon open space is of poor quality and attracts antisocial behaviour.
- Could minimise green space.
- Buildings are deteriorating.
- 10 story tower block would be unattractive.
l) Threats.
- Demands on existing infrastructure - already parking stress.
- 520 new homes would pressure on local services.
- Another leisure centre is deemed unnecessary.
- May create an imbalance eg of doctors and residents.
2. St Georges Square Community Space
a) Lack of attractive open space for the community to use for events or markets.
b) St Georges Square owned by CLS Holdings PLC (Who owns the CI and APEX towers) have looked to fulfil this need.
c) Recently received planning approval for a landscaping scheme to revitalise the space and make it more welcoming.
3. New Malden Station Area Enhancements
a) New Malden station is in Zone 4 and is located on the high street, providing a prime location to drive trade to High Street Shops.
b) High street entrance id small and uninviting, under a dark, unlit bridge. With no signs linking the station with the many bus stops immediately outside it, as well as a poor station entrance/avenue.
c) This part of the high street could be promoted as a transport hub, and give visitors a positive, welcoming impression of New Malden.
4. Shop Front Improvements -
a) By agreeing to a colour palette, you could improve shop fronts, leading to an enhanced sense of character and identity.
b) High quality, attractive shop fronts can improve the overall appearance of the high street and the performance of a retail area.
c) New Malden High Street shop frontages are inconsistent in style and there is little incentive for owners or tenants to enhance their appearance.
d) Approximately ⅓ of the shops on the High Street are Korean Shops, offering a unique shopping experience, though this can be a source of mystery as much of the signage is in Korean script.
5. Kingston Mini Holland
a) 3 other boroughs bid for £30 million.
- Given the boost of £2.4 million
6. Lidl plans to build £70 million new HQ in Tolworth
a) 250,000 sq. ft. of office space.
b) 750 jobs.
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Why has New Malden been targeted for regeneration?
NEW MALDEN TARGETED FOR REGENERATION
1. New Malden has been targeted for regeneration because it has good connections to London and is the only Kingston Brough station in Zone 4, meaning it is marketing itself to young professionals wanting to work in central London.
a) Future expansion of Crossrail 2 by 2032 (bring regeneration).
b) There is currently only one train station linking New Malden to central London.
2. The average income in New Malden is higher than the UK average but lower than the London average, therefore the land is more affordable in the area than more central areas (Clapham).
3. MICO (Malden Independent Community Organisation) campaigned against the over the development of Cock’s Crescent
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What are players and stakeholders?
PLAYERS
- Those involved in an issue, proposal, or project also known as a stakeholder. Regeneration usually involves partnerships between central governments and the private sector.
STAKEHOLDERS
- Have an interest or stake in what is happening.
