EQ3: How is regeneration managed? Flashcards

Question

What are the 4 main and 7 sub-methods of regeneration?

Answer 1

4 MAIN METHODS 1. Retail-led 2. Culture-led 3. Sport-led 4. Tourism and Leisure-led 7 SUB-METHODS 1. Marketing heritage. - For tourism such as the Titanic Quarter in Belfast. 2. Infrastructure. - To drive economic growth, such as the Heathrow expansion, HS2, park and ride. 3. Themed events - - Music festivals: Glastonbury. - Farmers markets. - Christmas markets (Winchester). - Multi-ethnic festivals (Notting Hill Carnival) 4. New settlements. - Relieves pressure on existing settlements. - Large new towns such as Milton Keynes. - Small eco-towns such as Bicester. 5. Sustainable communities. - With an environmental focus. - Low-carbon BedZED. 6. Technology-Led enterprise. - To attract new investment and economic opportunities (Cambridge Science Park). 7. Improved buildings. - Such as Battersea Power Station into luxury flats.

Answer 2

RETAIL LED REGENERATION (LIVERPOOL ONE) 1. National and local authorities are heavily involved in retail planning. a) Local authorities decide on changes to uses of buildings. b) Can influence shop types and location of pedestrianised areas and alcohol-free zones. c) Opened in 2008 under Liverpool's year as European Capital of Culture. d) Liverpool ONE is the largest open-air shopping centre in the United Kingdom. 2. Street markets and specialist shops. a) More likely to prosper with a unique shopping experience over a clone high street. b) Employs 3000 people. c) Over 170 bars/shops on the waterfront. 3. Yet there are challenges to the high street. a) Competition from out-of-town centres. b) The rapid growth of internet shopping (e-commerce). c) Liverpool ONE has been criticised for alienating local businesses, such as family departments stores. d) So the Government has pledged £1 billion to ensure the growth in high street jobs.

Answer 3

CULTURE-LED REGENERATION (GLASGOW, EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE 2009) 1. Rustbelt situation. a) Overseas competition in the late 20th century led to the collapse of Glasgow shipbuilding, steel and coal industries. b) This had a downward spiral of decline due to high unemployment and restriction in investment. c) Domino effect on local jobs/industries. 2. Glasgow was the European Capital of Culture in 1990, the UK’s City of Architecture and Design in 1999 and hosted the Commonwealth Games in 2014. a) Current regeneration is managed by Glasgow city council with the Government. 3. Internationally famous art museum. a) The UK and Scottish have invested in the new Burrel Collection to create internationally famous art to attract more tourists through a diversified economy. b) Other areas, such as Bristol have a self-guided tour of Banksy’s artwork through a smartphone app. c) Scottish Exhibition and the Museum of Travel and Transport are all located along the Clyde. 4. History of the shipbuilding industry. a) Clydebank’s heritage-listed Titan Crane has been refurbished as a visitor attraction and local landmark. b) Aim to establish Glasgow as a leading destination for tourists through brands such as “People Make Glasgow’” and “Glasgow: Scotland with style”. c) Increased tourism comes associated with employment opportunities in hotels, bars, retail and restaurants = a multiplier effect. 5. The government encourages private developers to build along the Clyde. a) In the hope of regenerating the former industrial areas. b) The BBC headquarters for Scottish TV and radio broadcasting opened in 2007. c) Commercial broadcasters STV is located next door. 6. Former iconic crane refurbished as a landmark

Answer 4

SPORTS-LED REGENERATION (LONDON 2012 STRATFORD OLYMPIC PARK) 1. Effective ‘Legacy’ Plan. a) Inward investment is a critical spinoff for success. b) Had a long-lasting legacy of retaining investment in a heavily deprived area (Stratford). c) Temporary venues were removed (Basketball, Water Polo, Extra seating…). d) Olympic Village accommodates 2,800 flats and apartments, with affordable housing. e) Orbit architecture as a tourist destination as the world’s longest tunnel slide. f) Permanent sports structures (Velodrome, Aquatic Centre, Copper Box…) are still available to the public. g) Residents encouraged to walk or cycle around the Olympic park alongside affordable facilities. h) Olympics has reduced local unemployment from 13% to 9%. 2. Flagship developments a) Westfield Stratford City is Europe’s largest shopping centre (Key retail development). b) ‘Here East’ is a new digital and creative industry hub on the former Olympic media site. BY 2019 a new cultural and education centre, Olympicopolis will help expand the V&A Museum. It has superfast internet speeds from preexisting infrastructure for the Olympics, encourages tech companies to locate there. c) Olympic Stadium will be home to local team West Ham United. d) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has 560 acres of attractions, holding more than 5 million visitors since it opened. e) 10,000 new homes, two primary schools, a secondary school, nine nurseries, three health centres and multi-purpose community spaces have all been set up following 2012. f) Both TFL and FCA intend to have an office in the park, 25,000 jobs.

Answer 5

TOURISM AND LEISURE-LED REGENERATION (CORNWALL) 1. Cornwall’s ‘Old economy’. a) Consisted of mainly primary sector jobs (Fishing and Farming, Quarrying, Tin and Copper Mining), has declined. b) These old industries provided all year round, permanent jobs. 2. Cornwall’s ‘New economy’ varies. a) It’s quaternary ‘knowledge economy’ is small. b) The biggest industry is tourism, yet this is mainly low-paid, part-time and seasonal. c) Post-production countryside is less productive and Cornwall has struggled to develop a high-income economy that will provide well-paid jobs all year round. 3. Cornwall’s Isolation a) Not ideal for operating national or international businesses due to the distance from the economic activity hub. b) Therefore there is minimal investment there. c) Gets an investment from the EU because it is marginalised. 4. Cornwall’s regeneration and rebranding success. a) Farm diversification. - Sale of specialised products and alternative business opportunities. - Such as Cornish Cheeses, authentic Pasties, hand made ice cream and beers/wines. - B&B at farm locations. b) ‘Foodie’ Focus. - Restaurants at Padstow (by Rick Stein) and at Watergate Bay near Newquay (by Jamie Oliver). - Helped rebrand the Cornish coast as a destination tourism location. c) Spectacular gardens. - Tropical plants thrive in Cornwall’s mild Atlantic climate. - From Victorian explorers. d) Extreme Outdoor Activities. - Extreme Academy at Watergate Bay offers lessons in rock-climbing, surfing and para-surfing. - International Northern Hemisphere Surfing championships. e) Eden Project. 5. Enterprise Zones. a) In 2015, there were 44 locations in the UK. b) Enterprise Zones incentives are focused on smaller areas, which can then be branded to attract particular companies and organisations. - Council business tax discounts of up to 100% for every business for up to 5 years. - Planning a regulation-free environment, no permission is needed for building. - Provision of superfast broadband. 6. Newquay Aerohub a) In 2014, Cornwall Council obtained enterprise status for Newquay Aerohub business park. b) Hope to attract investment for an aviation and aerospace ‘hub’. c) Yet only 450 jobs had been created by the end of 2015, with many of these being existing jobs.

Answer 6

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RURAL DIVERSIFICATION 1. 50% of farms in the UK use some form of diversification to boost income, dependent on location, land type and the entrepreneurial aspirations of individual farmers or landowners. 2. Grants are available from DEFRA’s rural development programme (RDP) and also from commercial banks/charities. 3. The EU has a policy of helping diversity as well through the reformed common agricultural policy. TYPES OF DIVERSIFICATION: - Agriculture-Based: Developing farm shops by producing and selling speciality cheeses; farming unusual animals (Llama); growing non-food crops (speciality flowers), pharmaceutical crops (opium poppies); vineyards and summer wine. - Non-Agricultural: Redundant farm buildings converted to offices, light industry or tea shops; campsites - or even large scale festivals (Glastonbury). - Environmental Schemes: Funded by RDP such as Natural England’s Environmental Stewardship scheme, and planting woodland (Forestry Commission).

Answer 7

POWYS REGENERATION PARTNERSHIP AND THE LEADER PROGRAMME 1. Co-ordinated and integrated approach to economic and community regeneration in a rural area to encourage green tourism. a) Funded by the Welsh Government and EU using the LEADER programme, yet a mixture of public and private sources. b) EU structural funds have been used to encourage more competitive businesses to grow, partly by rejuvenating a local chamber of commerce. 2. Powys has a skill shortage, due to lack of university places and qualifications with a long-standing emphasis on agriculture and tourism. a) Between 2011 and 2013, grants of over £4 million helped 310 businesses and community projects across Powys. b) Creating 36 full-time jobs and safeguarding 80 more. c) Establishing transition towns with nearby towns, where locally based loyalty cards and currency encourage people to spend money supporting locally produced goods and services. d) Harnessing local talent and skills, hopefully reversing out-migration of young people. e) Installing two broadband masts to address black spots, as well as ‘Powys Connections’ programmes to provide advice and grant funding to micro-businesses wishing to specialise in ICT services. 3. Next phases to support sustainable tourism, farm diversification, glamping sites, welding workshops, wildlife tourism and projects showing a ‘sense of place identity’

Answer 8

THE PLAYERS BENEFITTING FROM REGENERATION 1. Visitors a) Business visitors who may be attending a conference or sales trip. b) Non-business visitors who may be tourists or travelling to visit relatives and friends. 2. Residents and Employees a) Professionals (Doctors, Teachers..). b) Skilled employees. c) The local wealth of people. d) Young people (due to opportunities). e) Investors and entrepreneurs. 3. Business and industry a) Older heavy industry. b) New hi-tech industry. c) Quaternary sector employees. 4. Exporters a) International businesses. b) International travel companies.

Answer 9

MEDIA TO IMPROVE THE IMAGE 1. Moving away from negative coverage, usually related to crime or social problems/natural disasters. a) Focusing instead on positive coverage, such as cultural events, tourist activity or investment. 2. National or international coverage over local coverage as it broadens the audience a) The motivation for challenging their prior perceptions and makes it more attractive to potential investors. 3. Many locals will already hold attachments and sentiments to areas, so are less likely to change image unless through substantial campaigns.

Answer 10

THE TITANIC QUARTER, BELFAST 1. Belfast was famous for shipbuilding, including the ill-fated Titanic. a) Belfast has also suffered from socio-political unrest since the 1960s. b) The Troubles have continued to limit investment from outside. c) Yet Belfast has a desire for sustainability through rebranding strategies. 2. One of Europe’s largest waterfront development. a) Shaped around a marina. b) Comprises of historic maritime landmarks e.g Cranes (Industrial heritage) and luxury shops. 3. ‘Titanic Belfast’ visitor centre. a) With architecture shaped like the bow of a ship and materials reflecting water and ice crystals. b) Welcomed 1 million visitors in the first year of opening (70% of them from outside of Northern Ireland). c) 2012 top prize in UK Regeneration and Renewal awards. 4. In 2015, Deloitte’s evaluated the success of the project. a) Concluded that £105 million of additional tourism had resulted in: - Sustaining 893 additional jobs in the Belfast economy. - Demand for flats in the area now outstrips supply. - Land of the Giants is an outdoor art venue. - Annual BBC Proms in the Park is held there. - New water-based leisure activities have also begun. 5. A £4.9 million project to transform the former Harland and Wolff HQ into a 4-star hotel. a) Shows the continual demand for regeneration in the Titanic Quarter. 6. The older ‘Paint Halls’ have a new use as film studios. a) Including high profile programmes such as Game of Thrones. 7. Companies have invested in the area, such as: a) Audi, Premier Inn and Public Records Office for Northern Ireland. b) Northern Ireland Science Park nearby has begun to grow again with Citi and Intel investing in the IT and Software industry. - This is helping raising aspirations for young people in East Belfast enrolling in Belfast Metropolitan College.

Answer 11

POST-PRODUCTION RURAL ECONOMY - A new rural economy developing with association with urban economies and their activities, with most employment in services rather than primary production. However, this is a controversial term not only because agricultural production is still the most important use of rural landscape, yet because tourism is increasingly a vital mechanism of growth in rural areas - leading to multifunctional areas. 1. Since the 1990s, rural areas and the agricultural economy have changed due to concern over: a) Inflated production. b) Environmental impact of intensification. 2. There has been a shift of focus towards wider rural development through the preservation of cultural landscapes and supporting ecosystems. a) A potential post-production rural economy through diversification, ‘multi-functional’ (agricultural production and tourism).

Answer 12

RURAL PROOFING - Governments are increasingly seen as a facilitator and enabler rather than provider or manager. ‘Rural Proofing’ is carried out, meaning that checks on the design, development and review stages of national, devolved and local policies.

Answer 13

BRONTE COUNTRY 1. A region in West Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennines. 2. Visitors come to experience the bleakness and desolation that inspired books like Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights (authored by the Bronte sisters, who lived in Haworth. 3. The Fair Trade Way links Fairtrade villages to Bradford a) Taking visitors through the countryside and historical sites that appear in the Bronte sisters’ books. 4. Other tourist attractions: a) Keighley Bus Museum. b) Keighley and Worth valley railways. c) Pennine Bridleway and Outdoor activities (horse riding, mountain biking...). d) The industrial village of Saltaire is protected as a UNESCO site. 5. Some farms use EU subsidies and grants to: a) Diversify land to create specialised products (Valorised products such as cheese or buffalo meat production). - Such as Skipbridge Farm which as a successful wedding venue. b) Outdoor pursuit. - Equestrianism, paint-balling. c) Adventure Leisure and tourism. - Tough Mudders. d) Technology and infrastructure development. - Broadband access in rural areas. e) Themed events. - Farmers markets and specialist food fairs. f) Ecovillages and sustainable communities.

Answer 14

KIELDER WATER AND FOREST PARK 1. Kielder lies in Northumberland, as one of England’s most remote villages. a) It was dramatically altered by the creation of Europe’s largest coniferous plantation in the 1930s and an 11 km long reservoir in 1975. b) Kielder Water attracts 345,000 visitors annually. c) It has no major national funding like a National Park. d) Generating its revenue from car parking and the facilities on site. e) Conservation is integral to its plan. f) Red Squirrels are native. g) Attracts ‘Astrotourism’ due to its observatory under dark skies.

EQ3: How is regeneration managed? Flashcards

(38 cards)