EQ4

Question 1

8.10a

identity

Answer 1

a sense of belonging to a particular nation or group

Question 2

loyalty

Answer 2

a feeling of allegiance to ur nation, which can also involve a feeling of dislike towards ppl or countries that r seen to be threateneing it

Question 3

reinforce nationalism:
sport

Answer 3

• ppl support their national team
• eg world cup/olympics
• winning against other countries/athletes reinforce ppls pride in their nation
• eg 2012 london olympics a survey of what makes ppl feel proud to be british found prouder of the olympic team than the royal family

Question 4

reinforce nationalism:
politics

Answer 4

• some politicians try to win support from voters by emphaising their loyalty to the nation
• often do this by talking about importance of institutions that=important to national identity
• eg in uk politicians stress their support for nhs
• political parties talk of their commitment to national values n ideals eg idea of british sense of ‘fair play’

Question 5

reinforce nationaloms:
education

Answer 5

• in 2014- uk gov introduced idea of ‘british values’ into education system n said all schools should actively promote these values
• theyre demoncracy, rule of law, indivual liberty n mutual respect n tolerance of those of diff faiths n beliefs
• being taught these values in school may promote sense of national identity among students
• in some countries eg usa the schoool day starts w/kids swearing pledge of allegiance to their country or singing national anthem
• =reinforce national loyalty

Question 6

reinforce nationalism:
education in britian

Answer 6

• since 2014, english schools have been leglly required to promote british values
• fundamental british values:
  1. democracy eg right to vote over 18
  2. rule of law eg right to trial by jury
  3. indivual liberty eg right to choose where to live
  4. mutual respect n tolerance of those of diff faiths or w/out faith

Question 7

8.10b

national identity n the english countryside

Answer 7

• ppls notion of english countryside= green, peaceful landscape- rainforced in art, music n literature eg william blakes poem jerusalem refers to ‘englands green n pleasant land’
• it may not exist but the image of its powerful
• often linked to nostalgia for diff period of english history before industrialisation n urbanisation- n for some a time before immigration made england more multicultural
• specific landscapes linked to national identity eg white cliffs of dover=symbol of britain as independent island nation n linked to defence n viewed as ‘home’
• these landscapes=used by gov during ww2 to encourgae patriotic feelings
• national parks n green belt

Question 8

8.10c

national identity n loyalty can be complex in a multinational world

Answer 8

• most countries=multinational-home to ppl from lots of diff countirs n ethnic groups
• globalisation has ^ diversity in many countries by encouraging greater exchange of ppl, culture n ideas between countries
• ^ multinational world has challenged ideas of national identity n loyalty eg immigrants might support sports teams from home N host country
• ppl from etyhnic minorities may decide to retain lamnguage, customs, food n traditions from orgin country or may combine elements of host n home country
• =lead to tensions as some believe u can only be loyal to 1 nation
• eg someone who supports 2 football teams=not proper fan
• some ppl also believe immigrants should embrace values of their host nation eg speak the language
• but can also lead to new undertsanding of national identity based around diversity

Question 9

8.11a

foreign owned uk companies
jaguar land rover

Answer 9

• in 2008, tata motors ltd(indian company) brought both brands n combined them into 1 new company
• it moved alot of manufacturing overseas eg to india, china n slovakia but some still happens in uk
• eg range rovers=made in solihull
• some=unhappy w/foreign ownership as feel british brands should be british owned
• others say it has economic benefits
• eg both companies were having financial problems
• investment from TML=help keep companies going n employs 30,000 ppl in uk
• but ppl also worry moving manufacturing overseas will=job losses

Question 10

‘made in britain’
label complicated-jaguar land rover

Answer 10

• JLR continues to use british identity in adverstising
• eg using british actors to emphaise british identity
• but some ppl question how british brands really r
• some of the cars may be manufactured in uk but might be assembled using parts made elsewhere, n ultimately=owned by indian company

Question 11

‘made in britain’ as comlex idea

Answer 11

• many uk based companies=foreign owned
• made in great britain campaign made in 2013
• aims to educate the public about brands that promote themselves as british but have little or no production in uk

Question 12

8.11b

big corporations have helped to promote us culture n capitalism

Answer 12

• globalisation has contributed to ‘westenerisation’
• one way its happened is by western corpoartions expanding to other countries
• entertainment companies promote western culture n lifestyles via media like films,music, literature n tv
• retail corporations sell west products
• theyve promoted positive view of capitalism n consumer culture
• some ppl have criticised it- argue traditional culture n values=being lost=challenge national identity
• but some say local cultures take on n adapt these west cultures via process of glocalisation

Question 13

mcdonalds

Answer 13

• since 1st maccies resturant opened in usa in 1940 its grown to become one of kost recognised brands in world
• it has over 38,000 resturants in over 100 diff countries worldwide
• other western corporations which have gained global recognition incl netflix, NIKE n apple
• globalisation has enabled these companies to expand across world n is eg of westernisation

Question 14

capitalist theory n national identity

Answer 14

• capitalism=system of private ownership in which innovation n new ideas=encouraged, create new firms, owners n capital
• its greatest strength is its dynamism=change regardless of economic conditions n replace older outdated businesses
• but this dyanmism=capitalism greatest weakness as divide line between successs n failure=thin
• growth n economic decline can happen at same time

Question 15

9.11c

foreign owned london property

Answer 15

• ^ amount of property in uk=brought by foreign companies/ppl
• wealthy ppl buy expensive properties in exclusive parts of london like kesignton n mayfair bc its good investment eg make money by renting out places
• also help avoid paying tax in their own country
• these trends led to concern about **rising house prices, ^ pressure on housing ,market, tax avoidance where properties r bought by companies registered in tax havens **
• also question national identity- many famous landmarks=not british owned=see them as less british

Question 16

foreign owned london property

qatar

Answer 16

• small n wealthy country in middle east has been 1 of biggest investors in london property
• biggest landowner in london=company jointly owned by qatari firm
• some of londons most iconic buildings eg shrd, queen liz olympic park n harrods=owned by qatar investment authority

Question 17

foreign owned london property

russia

Answer 17

• another big investor in london property
• eg over 200 russian owned properties in westminster
• following russias invasion of ukraine in 2022, the uk gov imposed sanctions on russian property owners w link to vladmir putin

Question 18

indian tncs

Answer 18

• 38,000tncs w/over 200,000 subsidiaries
• emerging economies eg india have expanded their fdi via activities of tncs
• indian approach has been to acquire existing companies rather than set up new operations
• in 2013-there were 8 indian tncs in fortune top 500 n top 15 indian tncs had combined overseas assests totaal of $63bn
• tata group=largest n most evolved internationalised indian coorpartion-acquring 25 foreign companies in 10yrs w 58% of its revenues earned abroad
• eg corus in uk(tata steel), jarguar land rover (tata motors) n tetley (tata global beverages)
• imf said indias economic data has problems eg not all corpoartions submit their tax returns
• so each year they use a ‘wholesale price index’=makes data look more positive
• theres many shell corporations which make it diff to estimate acc no.of legitimate corpoartions

Question 19

8.12a

catolonia n independence from spain

Answer 19

• has own distrinct culture n language
• been campagining for indpeendence since 17th century
• its v wealthy- generates 19% of spain gdp n over 25% of its foreign exports
• they believe it contributes more to the economy than it gets in return
• anger grew after 2008 financial crisis
• in 1979 all regions in spain became ‘autonomous communities’=gave more control over how theyre goverened
• but for some its not enough
• in 2014 n 2017 ppl voted for it to become independent but spanish gov rejected saying it doesnt have right to break away
• 90% voters voted independence in 2017-some still dont want it bc it has many links to rest of spain eg many ppl have migrated there from andalusia in s spain
• some say for it to succeed it would need to be part of eu but as newly independent country it would havento apply to join eu n eu members would have to agree to it joining

Question 20

8.12b

globalisation has caused political tensions in emerging countries

Answer 20

• impacts of globalisation=uneven
• BRICS n other emerging nations have experienced biggest changes- as manufacturing n other industries have relocated there from developed countries
• changes have costs n bens: in china n india fdi n economic growth have helped create a new middle class of wealthy consumer w more disposable income
• but not all has this. china- rural inland provinces havent seen economic improvements- lead to migration away from these areas
• emigration can cause ^ economuc decline in these areas
• ppl feel exploited if their land has been claimed for dev project or if working for low pay for a tnc
• brics=40% world pop n 25% land area

Question 21

rising tensions in BRICs

Answer 21

• russia involved in conflicts in ukraine n syria
• brazil n south africa have seen allegations of corruption at highest leevls of gov
• as economies have slowed the uneven pattern of the costs n benefits of globalisation has become more apparent w/in their societies
• these countries r vulnerable bc they lack strong democratic instituions to mediate between the ppl directly affected by economic downturn n those gov them
• =made worse by lack of independent media scrutiny of official gov
• in BCR= fear of spreading social unrest
• risk=^ in china where gov is seeking to restructure unprofitable state owned industries such as coal n steel w/potential loss of millions of jobs
• economic growth targets between 6.5. 7% for 2016 to 2020=unlikely

Question 22

8.12c

national identity can be weaker in ‘failed states’

Answer 22

• countrys gov can influence whether ppl have strong sense of national indentity
• some authoritarian states eg N korea try to enforce particular national indeitty on their citizens wheras countries w/ a weak gov might have weak sense of national identity espc if theres a lot of divisions between social groups
• theyre countries where gov=no longer able to assert authority w/in country n has lost control over its national boundaries
• =lead to weaker national identity w/in that country
• states often fail in situations where theres conflict or huge inequality between diff social groups
• can happen where combo of weak gov n globalisation leads to big diff between powerful, wealthy elite n wider pop

Question 23

weakened national identity in somalia

Answer 23

• somalia=’failed state;
• dictatorial gov=overthrown 1991 n led to conflict
• 2 disputed territories- somaliland n puntland- gov independntly but not recognised internationall= lead to ongoing fighting between gov forces n clan based opposition groups
• =displacement of ppl, civillian casualites n human right abuses
• one of worlds poorest countries
• 70% ppl=poverty
• 60% access to clean water
• lots of inequality
• it attracts some fdi-$460mn invest in 2020
• but fdi=limited bc of conflict, corruption, weak gov n lack of infrastructure
• problems=undermine ppls trust in gov
• challenge its national identity