EQ4 2B.11

Question 1

What are advantages of hard engineering

Answer 1

Reassuring for those at risk
One off solution that could protect coastline for decades

Question 2

What are disadvantages of hard engineering

Answer 2

High costs
Ongoing maintenance costs
Prone to failure
Visually unattractive
Coastal ecosystem overlooked
Adverse affects further along coasts

Question 3

Describe groynes

Answer 3

Vertical fences, perpendicular to coast, spaced along beach

Prevent LSD and encourage deposition - produce wider higher beach

Question 4

Describe sea walls

Answer 4

Dissipate wave energy

Physical barrier against erosion, act as flood barriers, dissipate wave energy

Question 5

Describe rip rap

Answer 5

Large igneous or metamorphic rock boulders

Dissipate wave energy, prevent undercutting

Question 6

Describe revetments

Answer 6

Sloping structures which are permeable

Absorb wave energy, reduce swash distance by encouraging infiltration

Question 7

Describe offshore rock breakwater

Answer 7

Large igneous or metamorphic rock boulders found offshore

Forces waves to break offshore, rather than at the coast, reducing wave energy and erosion

Question 8

Describe beach nourishment

Answer 8

Artificial replenishment of beach sediment to replace eroded sediment and enlarge beach
so i dissipates wave energy and reduces erosion

-inc amenity value of beach

-high ongoing costs
-sediment must not be sourced from within sediment cell

Question 9

Describe cliff regrading and drainage

Answer 9

Cliff slope angles reduced to inc stability
Re-vegetated to reduce surface erosion
In-cliff drainage reduces mass movement risk

-Can be disruptive during construction

Question 10

Describe dune stabilisation

Answer 10

Fences are used to reduce wind speeds across the dunes, then dunes are replanted with marram and lyme grass to stabilise the surface, reducing erosion by wind and water

could be cost-effective in LT

Question 11

What is sustainable coastal management

Answer 11

Coastal management designed to cope with future environmental threats

management of wider coastal zone (people, their environment, livelihood, social, cultural well-being, safety from coastal hazards)

Question 12

What do coastal communities increasingly face threat

Answer 12

rising global sea levels

increased frequency of storms

Question 13

Examples of why adopting sustainable coastal management may lead to conflict because

Answer 13

coastal natural resources may have to be used to less

relocation may be needed where engineering solutions are too costly

some erosion/flooding will always occur

future trends may change creating uncertainty and the need to change plan