Equality Flashcards
(23 cards)
What caused global population to rise so quickly over the last few centuries?
- Advancements in medicine, allowing us to cure diseases, reduce child mortality rates, etc
- Improved agricultural productivity
- The industrial revolution helped improve the efficiency in agriculture etc
What are some positive trends taking place in the world in terms of equality
- The rate of absolute poverty (insufficient income/access to basic nutrition and other necessities) continues to decline
- Life expectancy has risen across the globe
- Access to health care is expanding
- Equality is increasing in terms of differences between genders, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation
What are some aspects of inequality that still persist
- Representation of women in politics is often highly unequal (even in wealthiest nations)
- The gap between the wealthiest citizens and almost everyone else has continued to grow (‘trickle-up’ tendency)
- The distribution of – and access to – resources at all scales, such as:
• Land is not equally fertile
• Fish stocks vary between regions
• Energy resources are not equally distributed (fossil fuel, fresh water, wind, sunlight, etc.)
Ex: The United States would not have been able to propel itself to the forefront of global power without its ability to tap into abundant and easily accessible fossil fuels
Without an abundance of coal Britain would have lacked the energy reserves to drive the industrial revolution, the building of an empire and the accumulation of wealth over many subsequent generations
What does HDI stand for
Human Development Index
What things does the HDI take into consideration
- Life expectancy
- Education
- Gross national income
What are some things that have caused Niger to rank so poorly on the Human Development index
- Political instability: Gone through 4 coups d’état since its independence from France
- Limited agricultural capacity: 81% of the country is arid/dry (little to no rain) desert with no agricultural potential
- Landlocked nation
What is Niger’s biggest advantage
Niger is rich in energy resources as it has massive solar energy potential and huge uranium reserves which accounts for 75% of the value of the nation’s exports. This uranium is mainly used to power France’s nuclear stations.
By 2014 Niger’s uranium generated 3/4 of France’s electricity production
What is the Sahel
It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) and the belt of humid savannas to the south. The Sahel is significant as it relates to resources, land use, and development in northern Africa.
What is the purpose of a greenbelt
The Greenbelt:
- safeguards the vital resources that clean our air and water
- reduces our flood risks
- provides a home for wildlife
- ensures our communities have greenspace to explore
What is happening to Lake Chad
It is decreasing over the years because it is constantly being used for farming purposes
What are some disadvantages of landlocked nations
- Due to their lack of access to sea routes, they can’t participate in trade as much as others (lack of transportation through waters)
- Higher cost of import/export
- Reliance on neighbouring nations
How does Niger’s colonial legacy affect it
Niger provides tax exemptions for Areva, a French state owned company, which results in diminished tax returns for Niger’s government
Divide Niger’s labour force into their main sectors
Agriculture: 79.2% → despite most of the population working in agriculture, they can barely survive with what they make
Industry: 3.3%
Services: 17.5%
Explain Niger’s sources of income
Agriculture: 41.6%
Industry: 19.5%
Service: 38.7%
In what sector does most of Canada’s population work in
Industry and services
Where has most of the world’s population moved to live
Urban areas
What are push factors
Push factors ‘push’ people away from their homes → disadvantages of the place you are leaving
What are pull factors
Pull factors ‘pull’ people to a new home → advantages of the place you are going to
What are some of the push factors that explain the global trend of rural to urban migration?
- Low paying work
- Limited access to services
- Unemployment → industrialization may happen which can cost people jobs (machines)
- Natural disasters
What are some of the pull factors that explain the global trend of rural to urban migration?
- Broader social network
- Economic opportunity
- Education
- High density → a lot going on in an area; entertainment
What countries does the Niger river flow through
It runs in a crescent through
- Guinea
- Mali
- Niger, on the border with
- Benin
- Nigeria
GMNBN
Give My Nuts Back Nigeria
What is a megacity, give an example
A city with more than 10 million residents
Ex: Lagos
Define ‘slum’ or ‘informal settlement
UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as: a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following:
- Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate conditions
- Sufficient living space which means not more than three people sharing the same room
- Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price
- Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people
- Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions → most important
