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Alimentary - Dentistry > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the dental adaptations that equines have

A

Interdental space

Limited rostrocaudal movement of temporomandibular joint

Increased lateral movement of TMJ

TMJ allows occlusal contact of all cheek teeth simultaneously

Well developed masticatory musculature

Adapted for contant grinding - hypsodont and irregular enamel ridges

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2
Q

What do the two numbers indicate in the triadan system of dental nomenclature?

A

First number is arcade

Second number indicates tooth

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3
Q

What are the ages of eruption of permanent equine teeth?

A

1st incisor - 2.5 years

2nd incisor - 3.5 years

3rd incisor - 4.5 years

Canine - 4.5 years

2nd premolar - 2.5 years

3rd premolar - 3 years

4th premolar - 4 years

1st molar - 1 year

2nd molar - 2 years

3rd molar - 3.5 years

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4
Q

What is anisognathism?

A

Maxillary arcade is wider than the mandibular arcade

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5
Q

What is the angle of the occlusal surface?

A

10-15º

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6
Q

What is the Curve of Spee?

A

Upward slope of occlusal surface at caudal aspect of the equine mouth

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7
Q

Describe the 5 layers of normal cheek tooth anatomy

A

Cementum - attaches to periodontal ligament

Dentine - bulk of tooth, tubular structure

Enamel - hardest tissue, laminated sheets

Pulp - blood and nerve supply to tooth

Infundibulum - infolding of enamel from occlusal surface

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8
Q

What is the difference between maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth in the horse?

A

Maxillary teeth are more layered ridges of infundibulum - straight lines

Mandibular teeth have more random infundibulum - flower like

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9
Q

What are the reasons for an equine dental exam?

A

Annual checkover for prohpylaxis

Owner notices problem:

  • Swellings
  • Discharge
  • Weight loss
  • Quidding
  • Headshaking
  • Biting problems
  • Unilateral nasal discharge
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10
Q

What should be done during an equine dental examination?

A

Distant observation

External examination - condition score

Head examination:

  • Symmetry
  • Swelling
  • LNs
  • Nasal discharge
  • Pain on palpation

Oral examination:

  • Incisors for malocclusion
  • Interdental space for wolf teeth
  • Canines
  • Biting injuries
  • Tongue injuries
  • Cheek teeth
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11
Q

What needs to be done during oral examination?

A

Restraint and sedation

Head support if sedated

Illumination

Gags - Hausmann/wedge

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12
Q

What else can be used as diagnostic aids during an equine dental exam?

A

Mirror

Probes/picks

Oral endoscopy

Radiography

Scintigraphy

Computer Tomography

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13
Q

Give some examples of things to examine cheek teeth for

A

Buccal and lingual points/ulceration

Deciduous caps/reminants

Focal overgrowths

Molar table angle

Wave mouth

Step mouth

Fractured teeth

Diastema

Excessive transverse ridges

Foreign bodies

Periodontal disease

Caries (infundibular in maxillary arcades and peripheral)

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14
Q

What are the effects of enamel overgrowths?

A

Prevent jaws moving freely

Oral pain leading to quidding and weight loss

Biting problems

Headshaking

Severe cases develop shear mouth

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15
Q

Describe shearmouth

A

Occlusal angle greater than 15º

Occurs over a long period of time

Muscles, ligaments and joints remodel to compensate

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16
Q

How would you treat shearmouth?

A

Reduce buccal and lingual points

Reduce angle starting at high side

Regular treatments every 3-6 months

Address any underlying pathology

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17
Q

Describe the differences between carbide chip blades and tungsten carbide blades

A

Carbide chip:

  • Cheap
  • Robust
  • OK for routine work
  • Hard work with hooks

Tungsten carbide:

  • Expensive
  • Brittle
  • Excellent for routine work
  • Remove hooks well
  • Often cut only one way
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18
Q

What are the four basic types of rasp required for routine rasping?

Which teeth are they used for?

A

Straight head, long length - for all lower cheek teeth, 3rd-6th upper cheek teeth

Obtuse angled head, long length - caudal upper cheek teeth and curve of Spee

Angled offset head, medium length - upper 1st-4th cheek teeth

S float - smooth off first cheek teeth and 6th maxillary cheek teeth, bit seat and angle of curve of Spee

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19
Q

What should you take care of when using power tools for equine surgery?

A

Palatine artery

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20
Q

Why are power tools good for equine dentistry?

A

Remove hooks quickly

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21
Q

When should deciduous premolars be shed?

A

2.5, 3 and 4 years

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22
Q

What can retained deciduous premolars lead to?

A

Anorexia

Poor performance

Malocclusion

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23
Q

How should ‘caps’ be removed?

A

Remove with forceps or screwdriver while not damaging permanent tooth beneath

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24
Q

Which teeth in the horses mouth are the ones that usually overgrow?

A

106, 206, 311 and 411

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25
What are rostral and caudal overgrwoths usually associated with?
Rostral displacement of maxillary arcade (parrot mouth)
26
What are the causes of focal overgrowths?
Diastema - gap between two teeth Displaced teeth Lost teeth Fractured teeth
27
What can multiple dental overgrowths result in?
Wavemouth
28
What two things should be taken care of when removing tooth overgrowths in the horse?
Pulp exposure Heat production
29
What covers the pulp at the occlusal surface?
Secondary dentine
30
What stimulates deposition of secondary dentine?
Occlusal contact
31
Why is there a greater risk of pulp exposure with overgrowths?
Decreased occlusal contact Decreased secondary dentine Greater risk of pulp exposure
32
How can exposed pulp be identified?
Probing secondary dentine overlying pulp horns
33
What can pulp exposure be caused by?
Apical tooth infections Overzealous rasping
34
What can infundibular caries lead to?
Septic pulpitis
35
What percent of horses older than 15 years are affected by infundibular caries?
80%
36
What can cause sagittal fractures of the equine tooth?
Infundibular caries
37
How should excessive transverse ridges be treated?
Reduce larger ridges Maintain normal ridging
38
What three things does periodontal disease affect?
Gingivae Periodontal ligament Alveolar bone
39
What causes primary periodontal disease of horses?
Diastemata
40
What is the most painful equine dental disease?
Periodontal disease
41
Which equine teeth are most frequently affected by periodontal disease?
Mandibular cheek teeth
42
What percent of horses older than 15 years are affected by periodontal disease?
60%
43
Describe how periodontal disease occurs
Localised gingivitis with pocket formation Trapped debris stagnates Feed compressed deepening pocket Destruction of alveolar bone Bacteria enters pulp cavity
44
Where does periodontal disease usually begin?
**Between teeth:** * Buccal interproximal spaces of maxillary arches * Lingual interproximal spaces of mandibular arches
45
How can diastemata be a problem with horses?
Food trapped between teeth Packs into periodontal spaces Pressure leads to pain and subsequent quidding Can lead to bone infection
46
How should diastemata be treated?
Monitoring Widening Extraction Remove impacted food
47
What should be used to remove impacted food in equine teeth?
Long handled dental pick High pressure water/air picks
48
How should diastemata be managed?
Replace long fibre food or short chopped foods Remove overgrowths that develop opposite diastemata
49
Describe developmental cheek teeth displacements
Arcades overcrowd during eruption Often bilateral usually in 4th and 5th cheek teeth Medial or lateral displacement Tooth may also be rotated
50
Are congenital or acquired displacements in horses more common?
Acquired
51
What can displacements of cheek teeth lead to?
Diastema Periodontal disease
52
What can cheek teeth fractures in horses occur secondary to?
Infundibular caries
53
What can cheek teeth fractures in horses lead to or be the cause of?
Septic pulpitis Can cause acquired overgrowths
54
Which horses are apical tooth infections most common in?
Younger horses - mean age 5 years
55
What are the clinical signs with apical tooth infections?
Asymmetrical jaw swelling Ventral discharging tract Oral involvement Quidding Halitosis Submandibular lymph node enlargement
56
What is the aetiology of maxillary apical tooth infections?
Infundibular caries Premature pulp exposure during wear Pulp exposure after transverse fracture Periodontal fistulation Iatrogenic from excessive rasping
57
What occurs with maxillary apical tooth infections in 08 to 11?
Sinusitis - unilateral nasal discharge
58
What are some radiographic signs of dental disease?
Teeth absence Malpositioning Crown deformation Radicular distortion Loss of the lamina dura denta Periapical lucency Cementosis Localised maxillary bone proliferation - osteitis
59
What are the radiographic signs for apical tooth root infections?
Periapical sclerosis Periapical halo Cementoma formation Clubbing of tooth roots
60
What are computer topographic signs of apical tooth infections?
Gas within bulging root area Fragmentation of the root Increased pulp volume Abnormal pulp morphology
61
What are the main treatments of apical tooth infections?
Conservative - antibiotics Currettage Tooth removal by repulsion Tooth removal by extraction Tooth removal by lateral buccotomy Endodontic treatment
62
What are the incidence rates of complications with repulsion of apical tooth infections?
32% of mandibular cheek teeth 33% of maxillary teeth 68% of maxillary teeth with sinusitis
63
How much less is the complication rate with extraction compared to repulsion?
One third
64
Which teeth is oral extraction difficult in?
Caudal cheek teeth of young horses
65
What are the 6 steps during the oral extraction procedure?
Sedation Local blocks Separation Placement Grip Patience

Alimentary - Dentistry (3 decks)

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