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Alimentary - Dentistry > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the dental adaptations that equines have

A

Interdental space

Limited rostrocaudal movement of temporomandibular joint

Increased lateral movement of TMJ

TMJ allows occlusal contact of all cheek teeth simultaneously

Well developed masticatory musculature

Adapted for contant grinding - hypsodont and irregular enamel ridges

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2
Q

What do the two numbers indicate in the triadan system of dental nomenclature?

A

First number is arcade

Second number indicates tooth

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3
Q

What are the ages of eruption of permanent equine teeth?

A

1st incisor - 2.5 years

2nd incisor - 3.5 years

3rd incisor - 4.5 years

Canine - 4.5 years

2nd premolar - 2.5 years

3rd premolar - 3 years

4th premolar - 4 years

1st molar - 1 year

2nd molar - 2 years

3rd molar - 3.5 years

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4
Q

What is anisognathism?

A

Maxillary arcade is wider than the mandibular arcade

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5
Q

What is the angle of the occlusal surface?

A

10-15º

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6
Q

What is the Curve of Spee?

A

Upward slope of occlusal surface at caudal aspect of the equine mouth

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7
Q

Describe the 5 layers of normal cheek tooth anatomy

A

Cementum - attaches to periodontal ligament

Dentine - bulk of tooth, tubular structure

Enamel - hardest tissue, laminated sheets

Pulp - blood and nerve supply to tooth

Infundibulum - infolding of enamel from occlusal surface

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8
Q

What is the difference between maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth in the horse?

A

Maxillary teeth are more layered ridges of infundibulum - straight lines

Mandibular teeth have more random infundibulum - flower like

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9
Q

What are the reasons for an equine dental exam?

A

Annual checkover for prohpylaxis

Owner notices problem:

  • Swellings
  • Discharge
  • Weight loss
  • Quidding
  • Headshaking
  • Biting problems
  • Unilateral nasal discharge
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10
Q

What should be done during an equine dental examination?

A

Distant observation

External examination - condition score

Head examination:

  • Symmetry
  • Swelling
  • LNs
  • Nasal discharge
  • Pain on palpation

Oral examination:

  • Incisors for malocclusion
  • Interdental space for wolf teeth
  • Canines
  • Biting injuries
  • Tongue injuries
  • Cheek teeth
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11
Q

What needs to be done during oral examination?

A

Restraint and sedation

Head support if sedated

Illumination

Gags - Hausmann/wedge

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12
Q

What else can be used as diagnostic aids during an equine dental exam?

A

Mirror

Probes/picks

Oral endoscopy

Radiography

Scintigraphy

Computer Tomography

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13
Q

Give some examples of things to examine cheek teeth for

A

Buccal and lingual points/ulceration

Deciduous caps/reminants

Focal overgrowths

Molar table angle

Wave mouth

Step mouth

Fractured teeth

Diastema

Excessive transverse ridges

Foreign bodies

Periodontal disease

Caries (infundibular in maxillary arcades and peripheral)

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14
Q

What are the effects of enamel overgrowths?

A

Prevent jaws moving freely

Oral pain leading to quidding and weight loss

Biting problems

Headshaking

Severe cases develop shear mouth

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15
Q

Describe shearmouth

A

Occlusal angle greater than 15º

Occurs over a long period of time

Muscles, ligaments and joints remodel to compensate

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16
Q

How would you treat shearmouth?

A

Reduce buccal and lingual points

Reduce angle starting at high side

Regular treatments every 3-6 months

Address any underlying pathology

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17
Q

Describe the differences between carbide chip blades and tungsten carbide blades

A

Carbide chip:

  • Cheap
  • Robust
  • OK for routine work
  • Hard work with hooks

Tungsten carbide:

  • Expensive
  • Brittle
  • Excellent for routine work
  • Remove hooks well
  • Often cut only one way
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18
Q

What are the four basic types of rasp required for routine rasping?

Which teeth are they used for?

A

Straight head, long length - for all lower cheek teeth, 3rd-6th upper cheek teeth

Obtuse angled head, long length - caudal upper cheek teeth and curve of Spee

Angled offset head, medium length - upper 1st-4th cheek teeth

S float - smooth off first cheek teeth and 6th maxillary cheek teeth, bit seat and angle of curve of Spee

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19
Q

What should you take care of when using power tools for equine surgery?

A

Palatine artery

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20
Q

Why are power tools good for equine dentistry?

A

Remove hooks quickly

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21
Q

When should deciduous premolars be shed?

A

2.5, 3 and 4 years

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22
Q

What can retained deciduous premolars lead to?

A

Anorexia

Poor performance

Malocclusion

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23
Q

How should ‘caps’ be removed?

A

Remove with forceps or screwdriver while not damaging permanent tooth beneath

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24
Q

Which teeth in the horses mouth are the ones that usually overgrow?

A

106, 206, 311 and 411

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25
Q

What are rostral and caudal overgrwoths usually associated with?

A

Rostral displacement of maxillary arcade (parrot mouth)

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26
Q

What are the causes of focal overgrowths?

A

Diastema - gap between two teeth

Displaced teeth

Lost teeth

Fractured teeth

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27
Q

What can multiple dental overgrowths result in?

A

Wavemouth

28
Q

What two things should be taken care of when removing tooth overgrowths in the horse?

A

Pulp exposure

Heat production

29
Q

What covers the pulp at the occlusal surface?

A

Secondary dentine

30
Q

What stimulates deposition of secondary dentine?

A

Occlusal contact

31
Q

Why is there a greater risk of pulp exposure with overgrowths?

A

Decreased occlusal contact

Decreased secondary dentine

Greater risk of pulp exposure

32
Q

How can exposed pulp be identified?

A

Probing secondary dentine overlying pulp horns

33
Q

What can pulp exposure be caused by?

A

Apical tooth infections

Overzealous rasping

34
Q

What can infundibular caries lead to?

A

Septic pulpitis

35
Q

What percent of horses older than 15 years are affected by infundibular caries?

A

80%

36
Q

What can cause sagittal fractures of the equine tooth?

A

Infundibular caries

37
Q

How should excessive transverse ridges be treated?

A

Reduce larger ridges

Maintain normal ridging

38
Q

What three things does periodontal disease affect?

A

Gingivae

Periodontal ligament

Alveolar bone

39
Q

What causes primary periodontal disease of horses?

A

Diastemata

40
Q

What is the most painful equine dental disease?

A

Periodontal disease

41
Q

Which equine teeth are most frequently affected by periodontal disease?

A

Mandibular cheek teeth

42
Q

What percent of horses older than 15 years are affected by periodontal disease?

A

60%

43
Q

Describe how periodontal disease occurs

A

Localised gingivitis with pocket formation

Trapped debris stagnates

Feed compressed deepening pocket

Destruction of alveolar bone

Bacteria enters pulp cavity

44
Q

Where does periodontal disease usually begin?

A

Between teeth:

  • Buccal interproximal spaces of maxillary arches
  • Lingual interproximal spaces of mandibular arches
45
Q

How can diastemata be a problem with horses?

A

Food trapped between teeth

Packs into periodontal spaces

Pressure leads to pain and subsequent quidding

Can lead to bone infection

46
Q

How should diastemata be treated?

A

Monitoring

Widening

Extraction

Remove impacted food

47
Q

What should be used to remove impacted food in equine teeth?

A

Long handled dental pick

High pressure water/air picks

48
Q

How should diastemata be managed?

A

Replace long fibre food or short chopped foods

Remove overgrowths that develop opposite diastemata

49
Q

Describe developmental cheek teeth displacements

A

Arcades overcrowd during eruption

Often bilateral usually in 4th and 5th cheek teeth

Medial or lateral displacement

Tooth may also be rotated

50
Q

Are congenital or acquired displacements in horses more common?

A

Acquired

51
Q

What can displacements of cheek teeth lead to?

A

Diastema

Periodontal disease

52
Q

What can cheek teeth fractures in horses occur secondary to?

A

Infundibular caries

53
Q

What can cheek teeth fractures in horses lead to or be the cause of?

A

Septic pulpitis

Can cause acquired overgrowths

54
Q

Which horses are apical tooth infections most common in?

A

Younger horses - mean age 5 years

55
Q

What are the clinical signs with apical tooth infections?

A

Asymmetrical jaw swelling

Ventral discharging tract

Oral involvement

Quidding

Halitosis

Submandibular lymph node enlargement

56
Q

What is the aetiology of maxillary apical tooth infections?

A

Infundibular caries

Premature pulp exposure during wear

Pulp exposure after transverse fracture

Periodontal fistulation

Iatrogenic from excessive rasping

57
Q

What occurs with maxillary apical tooth infections in 08 to 11?

A

Sinusitis - unilateral nasal discharge

58
Q

What are some radiographic signs of dental disease?

A

Teeth absence

Malpositioning

Crown deformation

Radicular distortion

Loss of the lamina dura denta

Periapical lucency

Cementosis

Localised maxillary bone proliferation - osteitis

59
Q

What are the radiographic signs for apical tooth root infections?

A

Periapical sclerosis

Periapical halo

Cementoma formation

Clubbing of tooth roots

60
Q

What are computer topographic signs of apical tooth infections?

A

Gas within bulging root area

Fragmentation of the root

Increased pulp volume

Abnormal pulp morphology

61
Q

What are the main treatments of apical tooth infections?

A

Conservative - antibiotics

Currettage

Tooth removal by repulsion

Tooth removal by extraction

Tooth removal by lateral buccotomy

Endodontic treatment

62
Q

What are the incidence rates of complications with repulsion of apical tooth infections?

A

32% of mandibular cheek teeth

33% of maxillary teeth

68% of maxillary teeth with sinusitis

63
Q

How much less is the complication rate with extraction compared to repulsion?

A

One third

64
Q

Which teeth is oral extraction difficult in?

A

Caudal cheek teeth of young horses

65
Q

What are the 6 steps during the oral extraction procedure?

A

Sedation

Local blocks

Separation

Placement

Grip

Patience

Alimentary - Dentistry (3 decks)

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