Equine Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Bacterial keratitis and melting ulcers
A
Pseudomonas (gram-negative)
2
Q
Toxic colic
A
Cantharidin (blister beetles) + Oleander + Rhododendron + Nightshades
3
Q
DIC
A
Prolonged PT/PTT + thrombocytopenia + positive D dimers –> caused by severe colitis, pleuropneumonia or strangulating intestinal lesions
4
Q
Aural plaques
A
Papillomavirus spread by black flies –> treat with topical imiquimod cream
5
Q
Hyperkalemia periodic paralysis
A
Inherited skeletal muscle sodium channel disorder in Quarter Horses –> decrease dietary potassium
6
Q
Thrush
A
Fusobacterium necrophorum: trim necrotic hoof + apply antiseptics and bandage + improve hygiene
7
Q
Brucella abortus
A
Fistulous withers and poll evil in horses housed near cattle
8
Q
Summer sores
A
Habronema or draschia spp larvae causing eosinophilic granuloma
9
Q
Equine influenza
A
Orthomyxovirus
10
Q
Uretero- and uroliths
A
Calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate
11
Q
Theiler’s disease
A
Caused by tetanus antitoxin and equine biological products
12
Q
Tyzzer’s disease
A
Clostridium piliformes: acute necrotizing hepatitis in foals
13
Q
Ringworm
A
Trichophyton equinum or mentagrophytes or microsporum gypseum
14
Q
Babesiosis
A
Imidocarb (antiprotozoal)
15
Q
Potomac Horse Fever
A
Neorickettsia risticii: treat with oxytetracycline
16
Q
DDFT contracture
A
Distal check desmotomy
17
Q
SDFT contracture
A
Proximal check desmotomy
18
Q
Whipworms in camels
A
Treat with panacur as resistent to ivermectin
19
Q
Sand enteropathy
A
Psyllium (hemicellulose laxative) binds sand
20
Q
Atrial fibrillation
A
Quinidine
21
Q
Sweet itch
A
Steroids + decrease exposure to gnat
22
Q
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
A
Treat with oxytetracycline
23
Q
Acute laminitis
A
Mineral oil or liquid paraffin (grain overload) + IV fluids + vasodilation (acepromazine) + NSAIDs ± opioids + box rest + shoe removal + transfer load to frog & sole + toe bevelling
24
Q
Cyanide toxicity
A
Sodium nitrate or sodium thiosulfate
25
Neonatal foal meconium impaction
Acetylcysteine (antioxidant) enema
26
Strongylus edentatus
Ivermectin/moxidectin or pyrantel or fenbendazole
27
Onchocerca
vectored by culicoides ---> treat microfilaria with ivermectin
28
Habronema
Stomach worm: vectored by stomoxys calcitrans
29
Thelazia
Eye worm vectored by musca autumnalis
30
Equine infectious anemia
Vectored by biting flies (tabanids) such as horse flies
31
Testing for strangles
GP culture is gold standard for active infection. GP PCR for carriers and confirming elimination of virus. Serology for assessing exposure or sequelae.
32
Testing for Equine Influenza Virus
Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR or ELISA) for acute cases. Serology for hemagglutination antibody test (> 4X increase is significant).
33
Testing for Equine Herpes Virus 1 & 4
Nasopharyngeal swab for PCR. Tracheal wash for viral antigen by immunofluorescence. Serology for IgM and IgG antibodies.
34
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
Sarcocystis neurona from opossums: Asymmetry + ataxia + atrophy of hind limbs. Treat with Ponazuril paste, Diclazuril tablets, or Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine liquid suspension.
35
Verminous myeloencephalitis
Strongylus vulgaris, Halicephalobus deletrix, and Setaria spp: rare infection with sudden onset, deterioration and ultimately death.
36
Cauda Equina Neuritis
LMN signs of paresis or paralysis: chewing tail head, hypotonic anus, fecal retention, urinary incontinence, hindlimb ataxia. No treatment.
37
Cervical vertebral malformation
Wobbler syndrome: Wide based stance, proprioceptive deficits, ataxia + paresis + spasticity of hindlimbs.
38
Occipito-atlanto-axial malformation
Rare disease of Arabian foals
39
EHV-1 myeloencephalitis
Vasculitis of CNS: acute onset symmetrical hindlimb ataxia and weakness + hypotonic tail/anus + urinary incontinence.
40
Polyneuritis Equi
Progressive immune-mediated lymphocytic infiltration with demyelination: paralysis of the tail + rectum + bladder + urethra
41
Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
Vitamin E deficiency: Trembling + ataxia + proprioceptive deficits + spasticity in hindlimbs + excessive recumbency + muscle atrophy.
42
West Nile Virus
Depressed mentation + muscle fasciculations + ataxia + weakness + pyrexia. Vaccination reduces clinical signs. Diagnosis via serology for IgM capture ELISA (detects infection despite vaccination).
43
Togavirus/Eastern/Western/Venezuelen Encephalitis
High mortality (75%): Depression + pyrexia + head pressing + circling + head tilt + proprioceptive deficits.
44
Vestibular differentials
Bacterial otitis media/interna + GP empyema + Polyneuritis equi + viral labyrinthitis + traumatic skull fracture
45
Oxyuris equi
Pin worms: Cement eggs around perineal region causing pruritis upon hatching.
46
Habronema spp.
Stomach worm: Vectored by flies. Larvae migrate through skin to stomach.
47
Habronemiasis
Summer sores: aberrant cutaneous larval migration causes ulcerative granulomatous lesions.
48
Parascaris equorum
Ascarids: Foals infected by ingesting eggs. Migrate through liver to lungs and cause colic + respiratory signs (summer cold) + diarrhea
49
Anoplocephala magna
Tape worm: heavy infection can cause anemia or GI disturbances.
50
Strongyloides westeri
Transferred to foal in mare's milk: possible cause for diarrhea in foals starting at 10 days of age.
51
Strongylus vulgaris/edentatus/equines
Large strongyles: larval migration through liver, peritoneum and retroperitoneal space can cause colic, diarrhea and anemia.
52
Trichostrongylus axei
Hairworm: small stomach worm often contracted from ruminants when sharing pasture.
53
Onchocerciasis
Helminth vectored by culicoides. Adults live in nuchal ligament. Microfilariae migrate to cause dermatitis of ventral midline, pectorals and eyes. May also cause bull's eye lesion on the head,
54
Cyathostomins
Small strongyle: heavy infection may cause poor absorption and weight loss.
55
Haematobia irritans
Horn fly: non-pruritic ventral midline dermatitis - wheals with central crust. Eggs deposited on cow feces.
56
Hypoderma
Cattle grub: nodules along dorsum with pore on top.
57
Stomoxys calcitrans
Stable fly: horse adapted blood feeders affecting legs + ventral abdomen.
58
Tabanus/chrysops spp.
Horse/deer flies: Females feed on blood. Larvae require semiaquatic environment.
59
Musca autumnalis
Horse face fly: transmit Thelazia lacrymalis worm
60
Sweet itch
Seasonal: treat with steroids + decrease exposure
61
Red Maple Leaves
Hemolytic anemia: cyanosis, brown blood, dark red/brown urine and icterus.
62
Oak leaves and acorns
Quercus spp: Mucoid + hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Liver + kidney failure --> red urine + marked azotemia.
63
Black walnut
Laminitis from shavings used as bedding
64
Yellow star thistle
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia: chewing disease causing hypertonic facial muscles + weight loss
65
Castor beans
Ricin: pyrexia + depression + colic + hemorrhagic diarrhea
66
Stringhalt
Hypermetria + hyperflexion due to sweet pea/flatweed/cat's ear/false dandelion poisoning.
67
Fescue toxicosis
Neotyphodium coenophialum: fungus causes prolonged gestation or decreased milk production in mares.
68
Cyanide toxicity
Cherries + choke cherries + Arrow/Sudan grass: cherry-red MM + tachypnea + cystitis --> treat with sodium thiosulfate or sodium nitrate.
69
Jimsonweed/thorn apple
Atropine-like alkaloid --> treat with physostigmine.
70
Astragalus spp.
Locoweed disrupts sugar metabolism: neurological + GI signs + Repro dysfuction.
71
Oleander
Cardiac glycoside --> treat with anti-arrhythmic drugs.
72
Bracken fern
Thiaminases cause blindness, depression, and weight loss.
73
Correcting base deficit
Give bicarbonate (0.3 x BW x base deficit)
74
Bog spavin
Synovial distension of tibiotarsal (hock) joint. Commonly bilateral.
75
Bone spavin
Osteoarthritis of the hock. Short stride with toe drag.
76
Jack spavin
Cunean bursitis or cunean tendonitis due to bone growth on medial hock.
77
Curb
Thickening of plantar tarsal ligament due to strain
78
Sweeny
Supraspinatus contracture
79
Sidebone
Ossification of alar cartilages
80
Ringbone
OA of coffin joint or interphalangeal joints.
81
Splints
Desmitis of interosseous ligaments.
82
Buttress foot
Extensor (pyramidal) process disease. Thick + indurated skin of coronet.
83
Osselets
Inflammation of fetlock periosteum (dorsal). Chronic stress injury causes lameness and short choppy gait in thoracic limbs.
84
Scratches
Chronic seborrheic dermatitis of palmar/plantar pastern.
85
Gonitis
Arthritis of stifle joint.
86
Seedy toe
Crumbly inner hoof surface.
87
Sheared heels
Asymmetrical heels requiring trimming and corrective shoeing.
88
Laminitis blood flow enhancers
Phenoxybenzamine (⍺-adrenergic antagonist), acepromazine, isoxsuprine hydrochloride (β-2 adrenergic agonist), DMSO, heparin, nitroglycerine.
89
Equine Infectious Anemia
Viral disease vectored by horseflies. Pyrexia + weight loss + ventral edema + anemia. Coggins antibody test for chronic infection and asymptomatic carriers.
90
African Horse Sickness
Viral disease vectored by culicoides. Pyrexia and conjunctivitis + respiratory or cardiac (supraorbital swelling) forms.
91
Glanders
Burkholderia mallei bacteria: nasal disease + pulmonary nodular disease + cutaneous nodular disease. Diagnose with mallein test.
92
Surra
Trypanosomal (protozoal) disease causing pyrexia + weakness + lethargy.
