Equine Anesthesia

Question 1

What are the 5 characteristics that increases anesthetic risk of mortality?

Answer 1

1. mares in last 3rd pregnancy
2. horses undergoing colic surgery
3. # repair for internal fixation
4. surgery over 4 hours
5. foals less than 1 month & horses older than 12 years

Question 2

Which premedication will decrease the risk of anesthetic mortality?

Answer 2

Acepromazine

Question 3

What are the 4 most common causes of death associated w anesthesia?

Answer 3

cardiac arrest
post-operative collapse
fractures
myopathy

Question 4

What are the 2 most common causes of death during anesthesia recovery?

Answer 4

Fractures

dislocation

Question 5

What is the normal horse HR?

Answer 5

20-45 bpm

Question 6

What is the most common arrhythmia?

Answer 6

2nd degree AV block

Question 7

Which respiratory disease is common in horses over 10 years?

Answer 7

COPD

Question 8

What are signs of sedation in horse?

Answer 8

head down, droopy lips, sleepy, wide based stance

Question 9

Which premed is used in combination w other sedatives?

Answer 9

Acepromazine

Question 10

What are the 3 contraindications of Ace?

Answer 10

hypovolemic
young foal
breeding stallion

Question 11

What are the alpha adrenoceptor agonists used for premed?

Answer 11

Xylazine
Detomidine
Romifidine
Metetomidine

Question 12

Which alpha adrenoceptor agonist has the shortest duration of action?

Answer 12

Xylazine

Question 13

Which alpha adrenoceptor agonist has the least amount of analgesia & ataxia?

Answer 13

Romifidine

Question 14

What is the major side effect of opioid?

Answer 14

decreased GI motility

Question 15

Which drug is used for tranquilization in foals under 2 months & why?

Answer 15

Benzodiazepines (diazepam & midazolam) bc few CV & resp effects

Question 16

What effect does Thiopental have on horse induction?

Answer 16

rapid induction

Question 17

What effect foes Ketamine have on horse induction?

Answer 17

slower induction, so is the better option of Thiopental

Question 18

There are lots of combinations for induction anesthesia, but what drug is used in most/all combinations?

Answer 18

Ketamine

Question 19

Which induction drug is not used in adult horses?

Answer 19

Propofol bc cost to volume

Question 20

What is the only licensed drug to use for inhalant anesthesia in horses?

Answer 20

Isofluorane

Question 21

Increasing the vaporizer will do what?

Answer 21

cause more hyperventilation & more hypotension

Question 22

What setting should the vaporizer be on initially & then for maintenance?

Answer 22

4-6% then 2-3%

Question 23

What should the oxygen be on initially then for maintenance?

Answer 23

6-10 L/min then 5-10 ml/kg/min

Question 24

What is the maximum duration for TIVA w inhalant anesthesia & why?

Answer 24

2 hours bc accumulation

Question 25

What does TIVA consist of?

Answer 25

GG Alpha 2 agonist (Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine) Ketamine

Question 26

Why is it important to monitor arterial BP?

Answer 26

bc there is an association btwn BP monitoring & occurrence of myopathy

Question 27

Which arteries can be used for arterial BP?

Answer 27

transverse facial a facial a digital a

Question 28

What is the aim of MAC?

Answer 28

>70 mmHg

Question 29

What does the pulse ox measure & what is the minimum accepted value?

Answer 29

Hb saturation | 90

Question 30

What are the pain management options for horses?

Answer 30

NSAIDs Alpha 2 agonist Opioids

Question 31

What is the risk of hypotension during anesthesia?

Answer 31

reduced organ perfusion & increased risk of myopathy

Question 32

How do you treat hypotension?

Answer 32

decrease vaporizer increase rate of fluids vasoactive drugs

Question 33

What is the risk of hypoventilation during anesthesia?

Answer 33

leads to resp acidosis & increased risk of arrhythmias

Question 34

How do you treat hypoventilation?

Answer 34

decrease anesthetic depth (if possible) | IPPV

Question 35

What is the risk of hypoxemia during anesthesia?

Answer 35

decreased O2 delivery to tissues

Question 36

How do you treat hypoxemia?

Answer 36

``` increase FiO2 mechanical ventilation beta 2 agonist change position reduce pressure from abdominal contents ```

Question 37

How do you prevent myopathy?

Answer 37

minimum MAP of 70 mmHg

Question 38

What are the characteristics of a better recovery?

Answer 38

longer recovery, shorter surgery, less invasive surgery

Question 39

What inhalant anesthesia is the best?

Answer 39

Halothane

Question 40

Donkeys & Mules are less sensitive to which anesthetic drugs?

Answer 40

alpha 2 agonist

Question 41

Which injectable anesthetic drug are donkeys & mules more sensitive to & what does it cause?

Answer 41

Guaifensin causes respiratory arrest