Degenerative disease of pastern joint - P1 and P2 have excessive movement - severe arthritis in proximal interphalangeal joint

Increased synovial fluid - secondary to inflammation in the joint - trauma, DJD, OCD

Stiffening and fusion of bones - done to reduce pain - seen with high load-low motion joints (pastern, distal tarsal)

Equine Diseases Flashcards by Kara Majors

High nail

When acute lameness appears within a few days of shoeing

- nail in sensitive tissues

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Ringbone

Degenerative disease of pastern joint

P1 and P2 have excessive movement
severe arthritis in proximal interphalangeal joint

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Stance phase

Foot is on the ground and limb is bearing weight

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Swing phase

Limb is swinging forward prior to becoming weightbearing

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Stride cycle

1 stance and 1 swing phase

- head goes down twice

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Horse is lowest at ______

Mid-stance

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Grade 0

Lameness not perceptible under any circumstances

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Grade 1

Lameness difficult to observe

- not consistently apparent regardless of circumstances

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Grade 2

Lameness difficult to observe at a walk to trot in a straight line
- consistently apparent under special circumstances (weight-carrying, circling, inclines)

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Grade 3

Lameness consistently observable at a trot under all circumstances

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Grade 4

Lameness obvious

- marked nodding, hitching, shortened stride

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Grade 5

Lameness obvious

- minimal weight bearing in motion or at rest

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Effusion

Increased synovial fluid

secondary to inflammation in the joint
trauma, DJD, OCD

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Most common fractured carpal bone in a race horse

Distal radial bone

- followed by 3rd carpal bone

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Sole pain at the toe

Toe bruise or laminitis

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Pain over the central third of the frog

Navicular disease

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Pain localized to the heel region

corn
heel abscess
quarter crack

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Degenerative joint disease

Arthritis or arthrosis

- deterioration of the articular cartilage

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Sequence of nerve blocks

palmar digital: navicular and sole
palmar digital over the fetlock
low palmar block: near buttons of the splint
high palmar block: gets 2 palmar nerves, all soft tissues on the back of the leg and everything down

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Conditions that produce Grade 5 nonweightbearing lameness

fractures (P1-3, cannon, radius, humerus, scapula)
infectious processes: septic arthritis, septic tendon sheath, cellulitis, sole abscess
severe laminitis
disruption of a tendon or ligament

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Dimple

Place where articular cartilage did not form properly

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Ankylosis

Stiffening and fusion of bones

done to reduce pain
seen with high load-low motion joints (pastern, distal tarsal)

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Osteochondrosis

Failure or disruption of endochondral ossification

- defect on articular side of growth plate

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Osteochondrosis dessicans

Formation of separate cartilage or osteochondral flap or fragment

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Subchondral bone cyst

Defect in subchondral bone

Common OCD lesions

- distal intermediate ridge of tibia (DIRT) | - lateral trochlear ridge

Exercise and nutrition play roles as OCD ______

Disease modifier

Irregular/sporadic exercise has ______ risk compared to moderate/regular exercise

Increased

Deficiencies in _____, _____, and _____ may predispose to lesion formation

Copper, calcium, phosphorus

_____ is commonly the only sign in yearlings

Joint effusion

OCD lesions can occur in any joint, including ______

Articular faucets of the spine!

Predilection sites of the hock in order of frequency

- distal intermediate trochlear ridge of tibia - lateral trochlear ridge of talus - medial malleolus of tibia - medial trochlear ridge of talus

Predilection sites of fetlock in order of frequency

- dorsal digital midsagittal ridge of MCP/MTP 3 | - dorsal margin of P1

Predilection site of the stifle in order of frequency

- lateral trochlear ridge of femur - medial trochlear ridge of femur - distal patella - intertrochlear groove

Lesions are likely permanent after:

- 5 months in fetlock and hock | - 8 months in stifle

All radiographically evident lesions are permanent after:

11 months

Multiple lesions

- stifle: 18-21% bilateral - hock: 6-`0% - fetlock: bilateral or all 4 affected - multiple lesions in 1 joint, but uncommon to have multiple joints affected

_____ will fill the fragment defect

Fibrocartilage | - cannot regrow articular cartilage!!

How do subchondral cystic lesions differ from OCD?

- causes lameness, or effusion - occur in any joint - diagnose with nerve/joint blocks and radiographs (sclerotic rim)

Common site for subchondral cystic lesions

- medial femoral condyle (concurrent with medial meniscal injury) - phalanges, carpal bones

Most common cause of lameness?

Navicular disease!

Equine navicular syndrome

Chronic, progressive disease affecting the navicular bone, navicular bursa, DDFT and associated soft tissue structures of the navicular apparatus

_____ border has foramena lined with synovium

Distal

_____ surface is common for problems

Palmar flexor | - covered by fibrocartilage, smooth surface for DDFT

Enthesiophyte formation is seen with

Suspensory and impar ligaments | - radiographic sign of navicular dz

What is the #1 risk factor for navicular dz?

Long toe, low heel

Hoof testing navicular dz

- positive response across frog and across heels

Disadvantages of radiographs

Does not allow evaluation of soft tissue structures | *bone changes w/ navicular dz happen in end stages, can diagnose earlier*

When trying to see changes in flexor surface, take a ______

45 degree PP-PD oblique - navicular skyline - loss of corticomedullary distinction (earliest sign) and sclerosis

Fractures of navicular bone can occur ______ navicular disease

Without

Most common lesion of navicular bone is _____

Deep digital flexor surface lesion

Medications in the ______ will freely diffuse to the navicular joint

Coffin joint

Palmar digital neurectomy

Desensitizes heel and sole | - only lasts 6 months to 2 years

Factors affecting tendon sheath prognosis

- which tendon is affected (flexor tendon has worse prognosis) - infection - chronicity - if the sheath is involved

Flexor tendon laceration 7 weeks post surgery

Apply elevated heel-fetlock sling support shoe after granulation tissue fills wound - gradually lower heel height

Femoropatellar joint sac communicates with ______

- medial femorotibial 80% - lateral femorotibial 20% * medial and lateral femorotibial do not communicate *

OCD fragment lesions often cause ______

Effusion

Fibularis tertius rupture has ____ prognosis

Good - when horse stands, ends come together - seen in horses recovering from full leg cast

Unable to extend hock =

Superficial digital flexor/gastrocnemius rupture | - prognosis fair in foals and grave in adults

Upward fixation of patella

Leg locks in extension | - due to laxity or stretching of middle/medial patellar ligaments

Stringhalt

Hyperflexion of hindlimb as each stride is iniitated - faulty input from stretch receptors in lateral digital extensory - secondary to scarring of lateral extensor tendon sheath - trauma to dorsal MT3 - ingestion of Hypochoeris radicata

Fibrotic myopathy

Hindlimb hovers and then slaps ground caudally - affects semitendinosus and fascia - limited stifle extension

Bone spavin

DJD of distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints | - bony swelling of distal medial tarsus

Bog spavin

Effusion of tibiotarsal joint | - young horses with OCD

Curb

Inflammation of long plantar ligament | - seen in horses with sickle hock formation

Thoroughpin

Effusion of tarsal sheath | - not uniform due to flexor retinaculum

Equine Diseases Flashcards

(66 cards)