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Lent term fourth year > Equine nutrition, welfare + first opinion practice > Flashcards

Equine nutrition, welfare + first opinion practice Flashcards

1
Q

Theory behind crib biting and what are the complications

A

Strong assocaition with concentrate feeding; biting increases just after this
- May relate to gastric acid

Potential issues = gastric ulcers, teeth wear, epiploic entrapment

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2
Q

What causes ‘fizzy’ behaviour in horses

A

Glucose spikes

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3
Q

Cresty neck scoring 0-5

A

0: no palpable crest
1: no visible crest but can palpate
2: noticeable crest but with even fat distribution; can be cupped in one hand and can be moved side to side
3: Enlarged crest with more fat in middle; hard to move side to side
4: Crossly enlarged crest; may have creases
5: cresh droops to one side

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4
Q

Body weight calculation from measurements in horses

A

BW (kg) = [girth^2 x length]/11800

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5
Q

How much of the diet should be roughage

A

50% by weight

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6
Q

What is the daily DMI for horses in terms of body weight for maintenance

A

2.5-3% body weight

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7
Q

How many calories per kg body weight does a horse need for maintenance

A

33.3kcal/kg

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8
Q

What % of ration should be protein for growing vs mature horses

A

Growing: 15% (geriatric similar too)
Mature: 8-10%

Normally can get enough protein from forage

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9
Q

What are the potential side effects of feeding oil to horses

A

Loose faeces
Vit E deficiency (should supplement)

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10
Q

Why might we choose to give horses oil in feed

A

To avoid concentrates in horses with gastric ulcers/to avoid ‘fizzy’ behaviour due to glucose spikes
+ helps with skin disease and allergic airway syndrome

Also useful in geriatric horses when hard to get calories in

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11
Q

How much water do horses need per day

A

5L/100kg
(extra 12kg per day if lactating)
= ~25L/day for a TB horse

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12
Q

If we want a horse to lose weight how much DMI should it be fed

A

1.5-2% BW + supplementation with balancer of multivitamins

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13
Q

Why is equine obesity bad

A

Increased risk of laminitis
And of equine metabolic syndrome

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14
Q

What should a geriatric horse diet look like

A

Higher protein of better quality + vegetable ol + vit C
Avoid too much calcium

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15
Q

What measure in blood to we use to reflect protein status

A

Serum protein-albumin
- Will be low in liver disease, protein losing enteropathy/nephropathy + severe parasitism or blood loss

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16
Q

What is PPID

A

= Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
Equine Cushing’s syndrome

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17
Q

Signs of PPID in horses

A

Polyuria/polydipsia
Hairy long coat
Excessive sweating
Pot belly due to muscle loss

+ prone to laminitis

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18
Q

How do we treat PPID and what side effect should we be aware of

A

pergolide (=dopamine receptor antagonist); adverse effects on appetite

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19
Q

Care when feeding PPID horses

A

Prone to laminitis so don’t want to give too much sugar; use soaked hay or old lower quality hay

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20
Q

Why do we have to be careful with starving donkeys (and ponies)

A

Risk of hyperlipaemia which can be fatal

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21
Q

Dietary changes for horse with liver disease

A

Give high quality protein but don’t overload
More sugary diets
Avoid fat as metabolised by liver; avoid wheat/oats

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22
Q

What is exertional rhabdomyolysis

A

exercise associated muscle damage
- Present with stiff horse, haematuria
Should give diet with more fat (since unable to store) + lower starch

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23
Q

Medical treatment of osteoarthritis in horses

A

Intra-articular steroids
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans or hyaluronic acid
NSAIDs

24
Q

What factors can cause higher incidence of stereotypic behaviours (welfare)

A

Social isolation
Lower time at pasture (more time stabled)
Lack of environmental enrichment

25
Q

Requirements of a stable

A

Large enough to lie down, temp appropriate, sufficient ventilation, good bedding

Access to fresh water + should be able to spend most of day feeding

26
Q

Which order should we bring horses in from the field in

A

Hierarchy order; starting with most dominant

27
Q

What type of handling do we use with a foal

A

Tight handling in sight of the mother

28
Q

Signs of pain in horses

A

Posture = front foot pointed, hindlimbs tucked in
Colic rolling
Reduced movement
Depression
Increased heart rate/resp rate
Masseter muscle tension
Clenched teeth (bruxism)

29
Q

What is habituation

A

exposure to full stimulus until they become less frightened; probably not very good

30
Q

What is desensitisation

A

Gradual introduction to the stimulus

31
Q

What is counter-conditioning

A

Training a horse to associate frightening stimuli with positive experience

32
Q

Differences in pain expression in donkeys vs horses

A

More stoic; see low heart/breathing rate even in very painful conditions
- Need higher dosage of NSAIDs

33
Q

Problems associated with dressage work in hrses

A

Back pain, SDF tendonitis, prox suspensory ligament desmitis

34
Q

Problems associated with endurance training in horses

A

Hyperthermia and dehydration; musculoskeletal injuries, myopathies, colic

Have vet checks enroute

35
Q

5 types of vaccine

A

Inactivated = no virulence; most common
Protein/subunity = non virulent but wear inducers of cell-mediated immunity
Live = can replicate in organism at lower capacity = more efficacious
Toxoid
Recombinant DNA; uses genetically engineered DNA to express proteins

36
Q

What is an adjuvant

A

Chemicals, microbial components or mammalian proteins tat enhanec the immune response to a vaccine
= potentiation of faccine

37
Q

What is it that causes vaccine reactions

A

The adjuvant used rather than the vaccine itself

38
Q

Which diseases are commonly vaccinated against in hoses

A

Equine influenza
Equine herpes virus; EHV-1,4
Strangles
Rotavirus
Tetanus

39
Q

Vaccination protocol for equine influenza

A

First vaccine; then second ~6 weeks later
Then first booster within 7 months of 2nd vaccine

Then yearly boosters (or 6 monthly for racehorses)

40
Q

Difference between how equine influenza affects donkeys compared with horses

A

Much more virulent in donkeys

41
Q

Tetanus vaccination course

A

2 injects 4-6 weeks apart (from 3-6 months old depending on dam immunity)
Then boosters every 1-3 years

42
Q

Rotavirus vaccination protocol

A

Want to vaccinate pregnant mares to give colostral immunity to foals
> Give at 8, 9 and 10 months of gestation

43
Q

Equine herpes virus vaccination protocol etc

A

To avoid abortion storms
NB: inactivated vaccine does not protect against NEUROLOGICAL FORM of disease

2 doses 4-6 weeks apart; then 6monthly boosters
- Can give to foals from 5 months old

Give to pregnant mares at 5, 7 and 9 months gestation

44
Q

New strangles vaccine

A

= recombinant protein vaccine from Strep Equi
Good because DIVA compatible

45
Q

What care must we take when preparing to give equire viral arteritis vaccine

A

Should have a sero-ve blood test first and documentation on passport
BECAUSE not DIVA compatible

+ DO NOT GIVE TO PREGNANT MARES

46
Q

Vaccination protocol for equine viral arteritis

A

(from 9 months old): 2 doses 3-6 weeks apart
Then boosters every 6 months

47
Q

Two types of adverse reactions

A

1) Idiosyncratic: should report to drug manufacturer and VMD = unexpected
2) Dose-related = normal

48
Q

What is the purpose of a pre-purchase exam

A

See if animal is suitable for a particular use
Identify medical conditions/lameness at a specific snapshot in time

49
Q

What is a 2 stage PPP vetting

A

Stage 1: thorough clinical exam; palpation of limbs, auscultation, examination of eyes in dark stable using opthalmoscope
Stage 2: watching horse walking and trotting in hand in straight line on hard, level surface including flexion test
+ usually do small circle trotting

50
Q

What extra does 5 stage PPP vetting include

A

Stage 3 = strenuous exercise observation e;g under saddle
Stage 4 = time to rest after exercise
Stage 5 = second examination of trotting in hand to see whether strenuous exercise exacerbated an underlying lameness

KEY DIFFERENCE = RIDDEN COMPONENT

51
Q

Why do we take and store a blood sample during PPP

A

To test for substances e.g pain killers, sedatives later on if concerns after purchase

52
Q

What are ‘conditionally acceptable’ methods of horse euthanasia in UK

A

Free bullet
GA and intra-thecal lidocaine
Sedation and aortic cut (if no other methods available)

53
Q

What are always accepted methods for euthanasia in UK

A

Lethal injection
Captive bolt

54
Q

Indications for use of free bullet

A

Owner preference
Poor venous access; so hard to place catheter etc

55
Q

How is lethal injection done

A

Overdose of barbiturates
Components = secobarbital sodium, cinchocaine hydrochloride (may sedate first too)
Always IV using catheter

56
Q

How does captive bolt killing work

A

Use captive bolt to do percussive stunning
THEN to kill animal use pithing of the brainstem

57
Q

Signs of an effective stun in captive bolt killing

A

collapse, no rhythmic breathing, fixed, glazed expression, no corneal reflex, relaxed jaw with tongue hanging out

Lent term fourth year (38 decks)

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