equine reproduction Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
when should the pre-screening checks be?
A
1st jan - 15th Feb
2
Q
how are stallions and teasers tested?
A
- bacteria - 2 swabs 7d apart of - urtheral, urethral fossa, prepucial smegma, pre-ejaculatory fluid
- viral - 1 serum for EVA , 1 serum for EIA
3
Q
how are mares tested?
A
- bacteria - 1 swab - clitoral sinus, clitoral fossa, urethral opening
- viral - 1 serum for EVA, 1 serum for EIA
- if had dystocia then endometrial swab when in oestrus 7d after abx finished to rule out pseudomonas and klebsiella
4
Q
what are the bacterial venereal diseases?
A
- taylorella equigenitalis
- klebsiella pneumoniae
- pseudomonas aeruginose
5
Q
what are the signs of bacterial venereal disease?
A
vaginal discharge 2 d after mating
early return to oestrus
no signs
6
Q
management and control for bacterial venereal disease
A
- stop mating and AI
- clitorectomy to remove carrier status
- abx
- improve hygiene
- stud management
7
Q
what are the 6 viral venereal diseases?
A
- EVA
- EHV- 1
- equine coital exanthema
- EIA
- dourine
- strangles
8
Q
what are the signs of EVA?
A
- brick red conjuctiva fever depression filled legs rash abortion early preg failure may be subclinical
9
Q
What does EVA do?
A
infects macrophages and endothelial cells
-spreads by semen or resp tract
10
Q
how do you test for EVA?
A
- blood for Ab
- nasopharyngela swabs for PCR and culture
- blood 1 m later
- notifiable
- stallions (not mares) may become permenant shedders
11
Q
what are the signs of EHV - 1?
A
- resp inf nasal discharge abortion ataxia paralysis incontinence
12
Q
what are the characteristics of EHV abortion?
A
- lung oedema
- multifocal necrosis in liver, lungs and spleen
- last trimester
13
Q
how do you test for EHV?
A
- blood
nasopharyngeal swab
PCR on foetal liver
14
Q
prevention of EHV
A
vacc in jan and july if not preg
when preg vacc in 5,7,9 month
15
Q
what is coital exanthema?
A
lesions on penile, preputial and vulval skin
16
Q
what do you do if a horse has coital exanthema?
A
- treat symptomatically
- no mating for 10-14 d
17
Q
what do you see with EIA?
A
- fever anaemia oedema weight loss death
18
Q
how is EIA spread?
A
horseflies and stableflies
19
Q
what is dourine?
A
trypanosoma equiperdum
20
Q
what are the signs of strangles?
A
resp inf nasal discharge submandibular abscess internal abscess pneumonia colic dia weight loss
21
Q
how do you diagnose strangles?
A
nasopharyngeal swabs
tracheal and guttural pouch swabs
PCR
22
Q
how do you treat strangles?
A
isolate
penicillin
guttural pouch flush
vacc
23
Q
what are the characteristics of a good teaser? and when should you use him?
A
virulent cooperative pony
daily during oestrus
every other day 14 d after mating
24
Q
what are the signs of oestrus?
A
submissive ears forward legs straddled tail high urinating everting clitoris vulval and cervical seal not intact (vestibular still is) responds well to teaser cervix appearance follicle > 3 cm moving towards fossa uterus loosing fold oedema
25
signs of diostrus to teaser
violent
ears back
screaming
tail clamped down
26
what 5 things do you do after first show to teaser? and why?
```
vaginoscopy - endometrial swabs (strep, staph, ecoli)
rectal - ovaries and uterus , follicles
ultrasound - wall thickness
perineal exam - discharge, pneumovagina
vaginal exam -how does cervix look
```
repeat 24-48 hrs until oestrus detected
27
how should the cervix appear during oestrus and otherwise?
oestrus - relaxed, pink, moist
otherwise - tight, pale, dry
28
what is a foal heat?
7-10d after foaling
most not ready to be mated
opportunity to take swabs as cervix open
29
how do you want to mate during oestrus and what time
~ 30 d post foaling
| once during oestrus
30
what should you do 48 hr after mating?
rectal palpation - loss of follicle , pain?
| ultrasound - corpus haemorrhagicum, quantity and echogenicity of lumenal fluid
31
on what day of pregnancy should you examine the mare? and how?
about d 15-16
- vaginal exam - want tight dry cervix - if not take swabs and prepare to mate
- uterine plapation - very tonic with slight bulge
- ultrasound
32
when should you ultrasound the foal?
d 15-16
d 25-30
d 42
gender at d 65
33
what happens to the udder near foaling?
enlarges
| waxy secretion
34
what are the signs of the first stage of labour?
```
- restless
nest making
moving bedding
colic signs
frequent small amounts of uring
small dropping
looks at flank
roll around
```
35
what should you do at foaling if the mare has had Caslick's surgery?
open vulva at stage 1 (without anaesthesia) and suture immediatley after foaling
36
what happens during the first stage of labour?
water breaks - rupture of chorioallantois and foetal urine expelled
37
what should you do between stage 1 and 2 of labour
examine internally to check foal orientation
38
what happens in second stage labour?
- allantoic fluid expelled
- see smooth pale amnion
- muzzle and 2 front legs emerge
- rest of foal born
39
what should you do before the umbilical cord breaks?
get foal to lie still / support foal if mare standing so blood drains from placenta into the foal
dress with antiseptic once it breaks
40
what happens in the 3rd stage of labour?
placenta expelled
should be within 1 hr
can tie it up into a ball so it isnt damaged
ensure all of placenta expelled
41
what is a red bag delivery? and what should you do?
when placenta detaches early ad pushed out the vulva
open bag and get foal out ASAP as will asphyxiate
42
what should you do with uterine inertia
oxytocin / ca
| assist
43
what is vaginal evisceration and what should you do?
- large colon comes out of vagina
| - c ssection and euthanise mare
44
what do you do with a posterior presentation?
deliver rapidly
give foal oxygen
monitor for neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS)
45
what do you do if one foreleg is back?
repel foetus and use ropes
keep mare standing
pull out mares tongue so cant push
epidural if needed
46
what do you do if the head and neck are back?
repeal and use ropes
keep mare standing
pull out tongue
analgesia
47
what do you do with a breech?
C section
48
how do you repair the uterus in a c section?
crushing blanket sutures
49
what does pain immediatley after foaling mean?
normal cramps
50
what is the possible cause of pain soon after foaling?
uterine artery haemorrhage
uterine rupture
caecal rupture
51
what is the possible cause of pain 24 hr - month after foaling?
colon torsion
52
what are the two ways a uterine artery haemorrhage can go?
- fatal haematoma - pale mm , shock, collapse
| - contained haematoma - normal mm, mass on rectal, moderate colic
53
what do you do with a uterine rupture?
emergency surgery
| most fatal
54
what is the normal outcome of caecocolic rupture?
death
55
what do you do with a uterine prolapse?
oxy to involute
stay sutures
protect uterus
56
what do you do with a retained placenta?
dont tear out!!
tie in a ball -- oxytocin drip -- abx, NSAIDs, anti- endotoxic flunixin meglamine -- pump in water
daily uterine flushes, abx, anti- endotoxic drugs
57
what do you do with obturator paralysis?
slings
| hobbles
58
what do you do with colon torsion?
coli surgery
| colopexy
59
what are the consequences of cervical injuries?
unlikely to maintain pregnancy
60
how are perineal lacerations categorised?
1st degree - small tears of mucosa, heal with minimum intention
2nd degree - involves deeper constrictor muscles and perineal body , needs surgical correction immediatley
3rd degree - tearing of vestibular and vaginal walls, perineal body, anal sphincter, rectal wall - surgical correction and reconstruction
61
what do you examine a barren mare?
in the autumn so have time to correct issue before mating
62
what exam do you carry out on a barren mare?
```
vaginal exam
cervical exam
swabs
smears
ovarian palpation
ultrasound
uterine plapation
bacteriology
cytology
histology
```
63
what is a pneumovagina?
the vagina and anus should be in a straight line but with age and parity the abdomen sinks pulling the vagina with it so get air in it
do Caslicks vulvoplasty
64
how long should it take for a foal to sit, stand and nurse?
sit 5-15 min
stand 30-90 min
nurse <2h
65
name 5 conditions that can affect the pregnant mare that can also affect the foal
```
bacterial placentitis
placental insufficiency
placental separation
body wall rupture
hydroallantois or hydroamnion
```
66
what is perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS)? ( also known as neonatal maladjustment syndrome)
signs, diagnosis
- decreased oxygen to tissues during / shortly after birth (reduced maternal oxygen delivering ability, reduced uterine blood flow, placental disease, reduced umbilical blood folw, dystocia, premature placental separation, uterine inertia, anything prolonging stage 2 labour)
and
-abnormal transition from fetal to post partum state (abnormally high foal p4)
see: CNS signs, GI damage (meconium retention, intolerance of oral feeding, diarrhoea, mecrotic enteritis), renal dysfunction
diagnose on signs and treat symptomatically
bloods - azotaemia, elevated CK, metabolic acidosis, pancreas and liver may appear injured
67
how is sepsis seen in the foal?
- infection can be in utero or after birth
- clinical signs will be very subtle and any compromised foal should be assumed to be septic until proven otherwise
signs - hyperaemia of mm and coronary band, petechiae fibrin or haemorrhage in anterior chamber, body temp can be low, normal or high, joint swelling and lameness after 3-5 d, tachypnoea, tachcardia
bloods - leucopaenia, neutropaenia, increased band neutrophils
often need intensive care, prognosis is good to guarded
68
signs of prematurity in foals
```
small size
silky hair coat
floppy ears
domed forehead
weakness
flexor tendon laxity
incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones (tarsal and carpal)
respiratory distress due to surfactant insufficiency
```
69
6 diseases causing a weak foal
```
sepsis
neonatal encephalopaty
prematurity
neonatal isoerythrolysis
uroperitoneum
musculoskeletal abnormalities
```
70
what is normal foal mentation?
bright
active
nurse frequently
71
normal foal temperature?
37.2 - 38.6
72
normal foal CVS
HR 70-100
| grade I - IV / VI murmur holosystolic over heart base is normal for first 4 days as DA closes
73
normal foal RR?
20-40 bpm
74
normal foal urination?
should urinate within 12 hours and it will be very dilute
75
normal foal defecation?
meconium should be passed in first few hours
76
what does milk on the foals face indicate?
been trying to nurse but not latched on properly
77
sings of hypovolaemia in a foal and what to do?
cool extremeties, poor peripheral pulses, prolonged CRT, tachycardia, depression
crystalloid fluids - bolus to effect (20ml / kg)
78
signs and treatment of foal sepsis?
depression, tachycardia, fever / hypothermia, petechiation, suspected failure of passive transfer (FPT), signs of infection
broad spectrum abx, plasma igG
79
when is a foal hypoglycaemic?
under 3mmol/l of blood glucose
80
when to refer a foal?
```
seizuring
no response to fluid bolus
GI dysfunction so cant nurse
ruptured bladder
septic arthiritis
resp distress
severe diarrhoea
recumbent
suspect neonatal isoerythrolysis
prematurity
```
