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female pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

routes of pathogen entry into the female tract

A

ascending infection

haematogenous

descnd from ovary

transneural infection

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2
Q

4 developmental abrnomalities of the female tract

A
  • true hermaphrodite / pseudohermaphrodite
  • chimerism / free martinism
  • tract anomaly (segmental aplasia, persistnet hymen, duplication)
  • ovarian anomaly ( agenesis, hypoplasia, duplication, cysts, hamartoma)
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3
Q

what is the pathology of follicular cysts?

A

persist for 10d

due to lack of LH surge

become anovulatory

can be stress associated

give GnRH

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4
Q

how do follicular, luteal and CL affect fertility?

A

follicular and luteal cysts make the animal anovulatory

cystic CL still ovulate normally

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5
Q

name the 3 neoplasms of the ovaries

A
  • germ cell neoplasms
  • gonadal stromal neoplasm
  • epithelial neoplasm
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6
Q

what is a germ cell neoplasm?

A
  • dysgeminoma - from primitive germ cells, smooth, haemorrhage / necrosis, most benign

teratoma - benign

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7
Q

what is a gonadal stromal neoplasm?

A

granulosa cell tumour

thecoma

luteoma

may be active

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8
Q

what is an epithelial neoplasm?

A

cystadenoma / cystadenocarcinoma

bilateral and shaggy

esp bitch

may spread by implanting on peritoneum

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9
Q

name 3 pathologies of the fallopian tubes

A

hydrosalpinx

pyosalpinx

salpingitis

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10
Q

3 physical pathologies of the uterus

A

torsion (need a weight in uterus)

rupture

prolapse (inertia, dystocia , low calcium)

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11
Q

6 growth distrubances of the uterus

A

atrophy

polyps

hyperplasia ( can predispose to pyo)

mucometra / hydrometra

pseudopregnancy

subinvolution of placental sites

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12
Q

what is endometritis?

A

inflammatory infiltration to uterine mucosa

can become chronic and fibrous

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13
Q

cow endometritis pathogens

A

herpesvirus

tritrichomonas foetus

campylobacter

foetus ssp venerealis

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14
Q

mare endometritis pathogens

A

a haemolytic strep

klebsiella pneumonia

e.coli

taylorella equigenitalis

psuedomonas aeruginosa

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15
Q

what is metritis?

A

all layers of uterine wall affected

more severed than endometritis

haemorrhage on serosa

thickened odematus friable uterine wall

yellow-red exudate

foul odour

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16
Q

when is pyometra seen in the bitch?

A

older

nulliparous

p4 exposure

UTI

cystic endometrial hyperplasia can predispose

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17
Q

when is pyoetra seen in the cow?

A

early postpartum from endo/metritis

from venereal inf

persistent CL

high p4

always open so less severe

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18
Q

what causes pyometra in the sow?

A

truperella pyogenes

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19
Q

when is pyometra seen in the mare?

A

postpartum

always open

mare keeps cycling

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20
Q

3 neoplasias of the uterus

A
  • leiomyoma
  • carcinoma
  • lymphosarcoma
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21
Q

what is a leiomyoma?

A

smooth muscle neoplasm

often multiple, benign, firm , pink/white

see whorled muscle

oestrogen often involved

often in the bitch

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of a uterine carinoma?

A

often in the horns

fibrous, firm, metastatic

often cow

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of a uterine lymphosarcoma?

A

enxoonotic bovine leukosis can cause it

notifiable

yellow

friable

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24
Q

3 pathologies of the cervix

A

degenerative

trauma

infectious

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25
what can cause cervix degeneration?
oestrogenic substances
26
non inflammatory pathologies of the vulva and vagina
persistent hymen vaginal septum rupture stricture tumefaction hyperplasia prolapse cysts polyps
27
inflammtory pathologies of the vulva and vagina
trauma vaginitis herpesvirus dourine
28
4 types of neoplasms of vulva and vagina
- leiomyoma - fibropapilloma - squamous cell carcinoma - transmissible venereal tumour
29
what causes a fibropapilloma?
bovine fibropapilloma virus
30
what do you see with squamous cell carcinoma?
ulcers mets
31
what are the characteristics of a transmissible venereal tumous?
transferred during mating nodule with bizarre nuclei mets if in poor health cells have 59 instead of 78 chromosomes
32
what is this?
luteal cyst
33
What is this?
cystic CL
34
What is this?
ovarian dysgerminoma
35
What is this
teratoma
36
What is this?
granulosa theca cell tumour produce steroids solid / cystic
37
What is this?
epithelial neoplasm cyst adenoma or cyst carcinom
38
what is this
endometritis
39
what is this?
metritis
40
what is this?
transmissible venereal tumour
41
what is classified as an embryo?
from developing a long axis and major structures but not complete organogenesis
42
what is classified as a foetus?
from complete organogenesis to birth
43
what is an abortion?
premature expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus fresh and non autolysed
44
what do you see with rapid foetal death?
autolysed foetus
45
what are the characteristic of early embryonic loss?
chromosome abnormalities inherited disorders uterine environment can be expelled or resorbed can return to oestrus at normal interval infectious causes rare
46
what can cause foetal loss?
non-viable placentitis foetal death
47
what infections can cause embryonic death
ureaplasma spp tritrichomona foetus campylobacter spp
48
what are the consequences fo the embryo of early embryonic death?
expulsion or resorption
49
what are the consequences to the foetus after foetal death?
aborted stillborn retained (mummified, macerated, emphysema)
50
what is mummification?
no bacterial infection foetal skin is developed enough to withstand autolysis absorption of placental and foetal fluid no odour closed cervix normal future breeding
51
what is maceration?
liquified foetus with bacterial uterine inf foetal bones not macerated foetid odour
52
what is emphysema?
putrefactive organism ascended from the vagina associated with dystocia or incomplete abortion foul gas, uterine lesions, fatal to dam from toxaemia
53
non infectious causes of abortion
dystocia twins umbilical cord anomalies placental insufficiencies genetic abnormal adrenal / pituitary husbandry seasonal toxins nutrition stress
54
ovine infectious causes of abortion
most : chlamydophilia toxoplasma campylobacter salmonella least: listeria also: brucella, coxiella burnetti, BDV (pestivirus), bluetongue (orbivirus), schmallenberg
55
bovine infectious causes of abortion
most: bacillus licheniformis neospora trueperella pyogenes s.dublin campylobacter least: BVDv also: brucella, salmonella, leptospira, coxiella burnettis, IBR, schmallengberg
56
porcine infectious causes of abortion
most: PRRS parvo strep leptospira least: pasturella also: brucella, salmonella, aujeszkys, CSF
57
equine infectious causes of abortion
EHV placentitis salmonella leptospira streptococcus zooepidemicus EVA
58
how do you diagnose bacterial and fungal abortion?
culture foetal stomach contents selective bacterial culture histopath serology
59
how do you diagnose viral causes of abortion?
PCT hyistopath IHC serology
60
what is the fungal cause of abortion? and how does it appear?
aspergillus fumigatus thick leathery placenta covered with exudate elevated greying plaques on foetal skin and eyelid
61
3 protozoal causes of abortion
neospora caninum tritrichomonas foetus toxoplasma gondii
62
how is neospora caninum spread?
persistent inf in cattle hotizontal transmission in dog vertical transmission in cow
63
how is tritrichomonas foetus spread and what does it do?
cow coitus foetal maceration pyometra 2-4 m in gestation
64
what do you see wtih toxoplasma gondii?
lots of barren ewes and late abortions from cat faeces zoonotic
65
which bacterial causes of abortion cause late abortion?
brucella salmonella leptospira listeria chlamydophila coxiella burnetti strep
66
what bacterial causes of abortion cause abortion throughout gestation?
campylobacter bacillus trueperlla
67
what are the dog causes of abortion?
brucella salmonella campylobacter foetus CHV distemper
68
what is this lesions in the genital tract?
- large, smooth, round vaginal mass - microscopically smooth muscle and fibrous stroma - benign leiomyome / fibroleiomyoma
69
A and B show what? C is form a peritoneal tap from animal A/B D is from a different species What is diagnosis for A/B/C and what animal is D
A +B - small white masses extending over peritoneum C - nuclear :cytoplasmic ratio increased, different sized cells with differing nuclear size A + B +C diagnosis - malignant ovarian tumour that has spread throughout peritoneal cavity as the small gap between ovary and fallopian tube means the mets can see throughout the abdomen D - chicken ovary
70
how does mastitis appear in SA?
postparum firm swollen painful pyrexia depression inappetance
71
what is glactostasis?
warm, firm, swollen painful glands no infection self resolving
72
what is galactorrhea?
lactation not associated with normal pregnancy stop food for 24 hr and self limits
73
who is mammary hyperplasia common in?
young entire cats 2-4 w after oestrus due to high p4 resolves biopsy neuter to prevent
74
what is the incidence of mammary neoplasia?
more common in the bitch than queen more malignant in queen than bitch
75
how can mammary neoplasia be prevented?
neuter
76
what indicates a mammary neoplasia may be benign or non-mets?
oestrogen and progesterone receptors as better differentiated normally has better response to treatment
77
risk factors for mammary neoplasia?
old age obesity in ealry life progestagen treatment previous benign treatment intact after 3rd season
78
what is an inflammatory carcinoma on the mammary glands?
uncommon and aggressive presents as a diffuse swelling repidly progresses, metastatic, systemically ill about 1 m to live
79
types of mammary neoplasia?
benign - adenoma / fibro-adenoma / fibroma malignant - carcinoma, sarcoma (worse)
80
how is mammary neoplasia staged?
TNM T1 =\<3cm T2 = 3-5cm T3 = \>5cm
81
how can you diagnose mammary neoplasia?
Rads - mets US FNA surgical biopsy IHC (presence of hormone receptors, expensive and not really needed)
82
medical treatment of mammary neoplasia?
never done solely can use chemo as adjunctive therapy
83
what type of mammary neoplasia can you not surgically remove?
inflammatory carcinoma
84
how do you operate on feline mammary neoplasia?
always remove the whole chain (unilateral mastecomy) as very high chance of recurrence
85
what are the 5 different surgical options for canine mammary noeplasia?
lumpectomy simple mastectomy regional mastectomy unilateral mastecomy bilateral mastectomy
86
what is a lumpectomy suitable for mammary neoplasia?
mass \< 0.5 cm encapsulated non invasive
87
what is a simple mastectomy and for what neoplasia is it used for?
excise entire gland with 2 cm margins when mass \> 1cm and involving most of the gland
88
what is a regional mastectomy and what is used for?
excision of involved and adjacent gland with 2cm margins. If removing caudal 2 glands then remove inguinal LN also multiple tumour or a tumour between glands
89
what is a unilateral mastectomy and what is it used for?
excision of whole chain and inguinal LN for multiple tumours , tumour in middle of glands, cats less trauma than individual need tension free closure
90
What is a bilateral mastectomy and how do you do it?
remove both chains masses in both chains do staged unilateral mastectomy 2-3 w apart or else not enough skin closure
91
what is the SA mammary anatomy?
cats - 4 pairs of gland dogs - 5 pairs of glands cranial ones drain to axillary LN caudal ones drain to inguinal LN
92
what should you do post op mammary surgery?
multimodal analgesia bandage clean drains careful of tension may get some hindlmib oedema from lymph disruption
93
dogs prognostic factors for mammary neoplasia
tumour size histology (sarcoma worst) differentiation invasive LN involvement mets p4 / e2 receptors (better) fixation to tissues (worse)
94
non prognostic factors for mammary neoplasia?
site of tumour type of surgery number of tumours doing OHE at same time
95
median survival with mammary neoplasia?
about 1 yr

Year 3 repro (12 decks)

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