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MCB 2050 > ER > Flashcards

ER Flashcards

1
Q

What do vesicle receptor proteins regulate?

A

Intracellular trafficking of the vesicle to the proper recipient membrane.

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2
Q

Explain the biosynthetic pathway.

A

Materials are transported from the ER, to the Golgi, to the endosomes, and finally to either lysosomes or the PM

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3
Q

How are constitutive secretion and regulated secretion different?

A

They both transport materials from the ER to the Golgi, but constitutive uses secretory vesicles to transport to the PM while regulated uses secretory granules.

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4
Q

What is the name of the trafficking pathway that takes materials into the cell?

A

The Endocytic Pathway

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the ER?

A

Protein and lipid synthesis, protein folding, and processing.

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6
Q

What is the organelle with the largest surface area in the cell?

A

The ER

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7
Q

ER tubule and cisternae shapes are mediated by what type of protein?

A

Reticulons

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8
Q

What can be found in the aqueous space inside the ER tubules and cisternae?

A

The ER lumen

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9
Q

What is the function of the ER Exit Sites?

A

They are regions where transport vesicles bud off on route to the Golgi.

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10
Q

True or False: the outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the RER

A

True

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11
Q

What type of receptor acts as a docking site for SRPs at the RER lumen?

A

SRP receptors

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12
Q

Where do ribosomes bind to translate proteins into the RER?

A

Translocon

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13
Q

What does signal peptidase do?

A

It cleaves signal sequences entering in the RER lumen translocon

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14
Q

What is the function of reticuloplasmins?

A

They are chaperones that operate in the ER and fold proteins.

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15
Q

In the process of inserting IMPS into the RER, what is the function of TMD?

A

It serves as a stop-transfer sequence

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16
Q

What is needed in order to open translocons in the RER?

A

Either TMD or a signal sequence

17
Q

Which two types of membrane proteins/lipids are NOT synthesized at the ER?

A

Glycolipids, and unique mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins/lipids.

18
Q

True or False: nascent ER membrane proteins are orientated in a symmetrical manner in the lipid bilayer

A

False. They are asymmetrically distributed

19
Q

What is the purpose of glycosylation in processing nascent proteins?

A

It adds side chains to the amino acids in order for proper folding and binding to occur.

20
Q

Name the most common type of protein glycosylation.

A

N-linked glycosylation, where sugar monomers are added to the terminal amino group of a asparagine (N).

21
Q

What are the two stages of N-linked glycosylation?

A

Core glycosylation and core modification

22
Q

What is the function of ER membrane-bound glycosyltransferases?

A

They synthesize the core oligosaccharide in the process of glycosylation, and link it to a N residue.

23
Q

What is the purpose of core modification in the process of glycosylation?

A

It is to trim and modify the core oligosaccharide, and properly fold it.

24
Q

What happens to misfolded proteins after glycosylation?

A

They are recognized by GT monitoring enzymes and recycled until properly folded, or destroyed.

25
Q

How are misfolded proteins transported from the ER to the cytosol?

A

Through the process of retro-translocation, and are destroyed via the ER Associated Degradation (ERAD) pathway.

26
Q

What is the name of the protein that serves as a ‘signal’ for ER protein degradation in the cytosol?

A

The poly-ubiquitin (Poly-Ub)

27
Q

After an ER protein is degraded, what happens to the leftover amino products?

A

They are reused for new protein synthesis

28
Q

What is a proteasome?

A

A barrel-shaped, protein-degrading machine.

29
Q

True or False: BiP deactivates PERK and ATF6 protein sensors during stress.

A

False. PERK and ATF6 are needed to monitor misfolded proteins during stress.

30
Q

What is the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway?

A

When misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER to high levels, the UPR decreases protein synthesis so the misfolded proteins can be dealt with.

31
Q

True or False: if ER stress is not alleviated, cell death will occur

A

True

MCB 2050 (5 decks)

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