ERA 4 (Unit 9) Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is globalization?
Increasing cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.
What are examples of globalization beginning in other eras?
Connections across the Silk Road; the connections created by the Mongolian Empire; Connections established through Indian Ocean trade; The connection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the European Age of Exploration; The opening of Manila by the Spanish in 1571 which created a trade route from the Americas to the Pacific
What kinds of communication technology have aided globalization?
The telephone made it easier to talk to people on the other side of the world. The radio spread culture through entertainment and allowed governments to speak directly to their people. Modern cell phones are more complex than the computers that put Neil Armstrong on the moon.
How has social media aided globalization?
Platforms like Facebook and Twitter democratized communication. That means that anyone could have their voices heard (for better or worse). These platforms have been used to organize and broadcast modern protest movements like the Arab Spring which were anti-government protests across North Africa and the Middle East in the 2010s.
How have some governments pushed back against social media?
China shut down Facebook and Twitter in 2009 after riots broke out between a minority Muslim group called the Uighurs andHan Chinese. After, the government introduced a new social media platform called Weibo where they could control what can be posted.
How & why did agricultural technology change with globalization?
Following decolonization the birth rates went up in the Global South. This led to the Green Revolution where new varieties of wheat, grain and rice were introduced that were more resistant to pests and drought. Initially they were created by cross-breeding and then by genetic engineering.
What were the consequences of the Green Revolution?
Intensive agriculture of these new crops led to deforestation, desertification, decline in air quality, increased consumption of fresh water, and pollution of freshwater due to fertilizer run-off.
How did changes in energy technology increase globalization?
Nuclear energy led to increased productivity in the production of goods for sale in global markets. There have also been moves recently towards renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy.
Why have there been shifts towards renewable energy?
Concerns about climate change. The burning of fossil fuels has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the air, which has led to the warming of the earth’s surface. There is some debate about whether this is a natural or man-made phenomena. Most policy makers across the world believe it is manmade and are trying to remedy it.
What kinds of international treaties have been signed to combat climate change?
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol was the first international agreement to try to reduce carbon emissions.The 2015 Paris Agreement was more robust than the Kyoto Protocol in its provisions to combat global warming.
What kinds of epidemics were due to globalization?
The 1918 Flu Pandemic killed 20 million people across the globe. The AIDS epidemic in the 1980s spread across the globe.
What kinds of illnesses are associated with poverty?
Malaria, Tuberculosis, Cholera
What medical technologies have changed human life? What has been the overall effect?
Antibiotics (1928) that kill bacterial infections. Birth control pills (1950s) led to decreased fertility rates in the global north. Vaccines (1960s) introduced on a massive scale wiping out global diseases like smallpox, measles, and mumps.Combined with the Green Revolution it’s clear to see why the global population is rising. People are living longer and those who would have died in infancy are making it to adulthood.
What kinds of illnesses are associated with longer lifespans?
Heart disease and Alzheimer’s Disease
How did the end of the Cold War lead to increased trade?
More countries started moving towards free-market economies.
How did Chile’s economy change in the 1980s?
Augusto Pinochet came to power in Chile backed by the United States as part of their effort to combat socialism.A group of University of Chicago trained economists proposed Neoliberal reforms including free-market principles, privatization of state-owned industries, and stabilizing inflation. Their reforms along with loans from the World Bank bolstered the economy (“The Chilean Miracle).
How did the reforms in Chile harm some people?
They increased the gap between the rich and the poor leading to immense suffering. This happened because the government removed programs and subsidies for the poor in the name of the free-market
How was Neoliberalism spread through the 1980s?
American president Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pushed these policies. Poor countries took loans from the international organization, the World Bank, to help their economic situation but had to make reforms that mirrored those in Chile and had a similar effect on the poor.
How did China’s economy change in the 1980s?
The leader of China, Deng Xiaoping, backed away from pure communist principles and allowed limited access to free-market principles
What is the knowledge economy?
It’s a new kind of work where the product is based on people’s mental work, not their physical work. People like engineers, lawyers, chemists, and Heimler have knowledge worth paying for.
How has manufacturing changed due to globalization?
Companies no longer manufacture in the same country where their business is located. They manufacture goods where labor isthe cheapest (like Vietnam, Bangladesh and Mexico).
What are multinational corporations? What are some examples?
A company that controls the manufacture and sale of goods in at least one other country than its own. Google and McDonalds are both multinational corporations. Google’s headquarters are in California, but if you call with a question you’ll most likely talk to their staff in India. McDonalds is located all over the world
How is on-line shopping connected to globalization?
Companies like Amazon and Alibaba sell goods all over the globe. Using new transportation technology like airplanes and shipping containers that can be moved from boats to trains to trucks without being unpacked they can move goods quickly.
How is the rise of pop culture connected to globalization?
Pop culture emerged in the 1920s and is the culture of the people (not the elites). It was spread by technology like radio, movies, television, and later, the internet. Hollywood movies have spread around the globe, but so have Bollywood movies produced in India. Culturally specific music like Reggae has also found a global audience.
