Erythrocytes

Question 1

Describe the cytoplasmic characteristics of RBCs

Answer 1

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Question 2

How does RBCs gain energy?

Answer 2

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Question 3

Describe the external structure of RBCs

Answer 3

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Question 4

What are the dimensions of RBCs

Answer 4

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Question 5

How is blood group decided?

Answer 5

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Question 6

Do RBC count vary according to location?

Answer 6

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Question 7

Male count of RBC

Answer 7

4.6 - 6 x 10^12 / L

Question 8

Female count of RBC

Answer 8

3.9-5.3 x 10^12 / L

Question 9

What are the functions of RBCs

Answer 9

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Question 10

What is the lifespan of RBCs

Answer 10

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Question 11

What is Hypoxia and how does it stimulate Erythropoiesis

Answer 11

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Question 12

What is the pathway to produce mature RBCs

Answer 12

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Question 13

What are the important factors of maturation of RBCs

Answer 13

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Question 14

What is the main hormone that regulates production of RBC

Answer 14

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Question 15

What does excess presence of remnants of RBC cytoplasm indicate

Answer 15

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Question 16

What happens to severely damaged or non-functional RBCs

Answer 16

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Question 17

What happens when RBCs rupture

Answer 17

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Question 18

What do Macrophages do to Fe, what happens to the remaining heme and the globin

Answer 18

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Question 19

Describe the structure of Haemoglobin

Answer 19

Hemoglobin A (Hb A): makes up about 95%-98% of hemoglobin found in adults; it contains two alpha (α) chains and two beta (β) protein chains.

Hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2 ): makes up about 2%-3% of hemoglobin found in adults; it has two alpha (α) and two delta (δ) protein chains.

Hemoglobin F (Hb F, fetal hemoglobin): makes up to 1%-2% of hemoglobin found in adults; it has two alpha (α) and two gamma (γ)

Question 20

What is essential for Hb synthesis

Answer 20

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Question 21

Describe the reaction of Hb with oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 21

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Question 22

What are the disorders of RBCs

Answer 22

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Question 23

Describe anemia

Answer 23

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Question 24

What are the causes of anemia

Answer 24

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Question 25

What is Aplastic anemia

Answer 25

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Question 26

Describe Polycythemia

Answer 26

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Question 27

Describe Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Answer 27

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Question 28

What are the ESRs of Males

Answer 28

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Question 29

What are the ESRs of Females

Answer 29

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Question 30

What happens to ESR when RBCs are reduced

Answer 30

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Question 31

What happens to ESR when plasma proteins are increased

Answer 31

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Question 32

What Physiological conditions causes an increase in ESR

Answer 32

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Question 33

What Pathological conditions cause an increase in ESR

Answer 33

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Question 34

What are three important RBC indices

Answer 34

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Question 35

Mean Cell Hb

Answer 35

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Question 36

Mean Cell Hb conc.

Answer 36

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Question 37

Mean Cell Volume

Answer 37

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Question 38

RBC chamber counting method

Answer 38

- using a mixing pipette - Ring finger pricked, first drop wiped off - Capillary end is dipped into second drop at a 45 degree angle - Blood drawn in onto 0.5 Mark - Hayem’s solution is added - Stirring - Transferred to a capillary space - Examined on microscope - RBC counted on smallest squares - Inside the squares and those that touch two random lines

Question 39

Ferrometric method for determining Hb level

Answer 39

- measured according to amount of iron in the Hb molecule - 100g - 0.347g Fe - expensive

Question 40

Gasometrical method for determining Hb level

Answer 40

- measured by amount of has (O2, CO2,) bound to Hb at complete saturation - expensive

Question 41

Calorimetric method for determining Hb level

Answer 41

- Hb transformed into stable colour complex - undergoes photometry - carried out by haemoglobincyanide

Question 42

Different types of hemolysis

Answer 42

- alpha - partial hemolysis - leaves dark green colour behind - beta - complete lysis of red cells - lightened (yellow) - gamma - non-hemolytic

Question 43

Osmotic Resistance of RBC

Answer 43

- test carried out with 24 test tubes - contain 2ml of NaCl solutions (hypotonic) - decreasing conc. - add drops of blood to each, mixed, undisturbed - centrifuged - upper limit marked - light yellow colouring - onset of hemolysis - lower limit is test tube without RBCs at the bottom - red - complete hemolysis - reduced resistance in anemic children