Esophagus

Question 1

This is due to intense high amplitude and coordinated contractions of the esophagus

Answer 1

Nutcracker esophagus
Manometry needed for diagnosis

Question 2

This is due to repetitive, simultaneous contractions of normal amplitude of the distal, esophagus, and appears, as a corkscrew in barium swallow

Answer 2

Diffuse, esophageal spasm, or corkscrew esophagus

Question 3

This is due to a higher resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter or its incomplete relaxation

Answer 3

Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction

Question 4

This diverticulum appears immediately above the esophageal sphincter. This is due to the impaired, relaxation and spasm of the cricopharyngeus muscle, after swallowing, resulting to a high-pressure in a distal pharynx.

Answer 4

Zenker (pharyngoesophageal) diverticulum

Question 5

This is due to the fibrous thickening of the submucosa leading to atrophy of the muscularis, propria and epithelial damage

Answer 5

Benign esophageal stenosis

Question 6

This is acquired or a part of plummer-vinson syndrome.
Dx
Are there accompanying signs and symptoms?
Morphology

Answer 6

Esophageal mucosal webs
PVS: with IDA, glossitis and cheilosis
Semi circumferential with fibro vascular connective, tissue and overlying epithelium

Question 7

Circumferential growth in the esophagus, which includes the mucosa, submucosa and location of the a hypertrophic muscularis propria
What are the sub types and their locations?

Answer 7

Esophageal, rings, or Schatzki rings
A rings: above GEJ, squamous ep
B ring: at SCJ; gastric cardia type mucosa

Question 8

It is a triad of incomplete LES RELAXATION, increased LES tone, aperistalsis of the esophagus.
Causes

Answer 8

Achalasia
Primary or secondary
Primary- degeneration of NO-producing neurons
Secondary- chagas diaeases, allgrove (triple A) syndrome, etc

Question 9

Common type of esophageal diverticulum

Answer 9

Zenker diverticulum

Question 10

Is achalasia a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Type of cellular inclusion in herpes virus infection

Answer 11

Cowdry type A

Question 12

The earliest molecular changes in esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Answer 12

Loss of CDKN2A and TP53

Question 13

Malignancies that may arise from Barrett esophagus

Answer 13

MC adenocarcinoma but rarely can have squamous or neuroendocrine differentiation

Question 14

What is the intestinal type of mucin

Answer 14

MUC2

Question 15

What is the gastric type mucin

Answer 15

MUC5AC, MUC6

Question 16

It is equivalent to carcinoma in situ in the esophagus

Answer 16

Squamous dysplasia

Question 17

What is the most, benign tumor in the esophagus?

Answer 17

Leiomyoma