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GI Exam 1 > Esophagus and Stomach Histology > Flashcards

Esophagus and Stomach Histology Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q
  • What are the four layers of the cells of the GI tract (from lumen-superficial)
A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Seroasa/Adventitia
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2
Q
  • Difference between serosa and adventitia
A
  • Serosa=covered by peritoneum
  • Adventitia=retropreitoneum (loose connective tissue with surrounding fat)
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3
Q
  • The _ layer differs considerably from region to region along the GI tract (helps with identifying certain areas)
A
  • Mucosa
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4
Q
  • Label the four layers
A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
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5
Q
  • What are the components of the mucosal layer?
A
  • Lining epithelium
  • Lamina propria ​
  • Muscularis mucosae (* smooth muscle layer controlling the mobility of GLANDS-NOT PERISTALSIS)
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6
Q
  • The _ of the mucosal layer contains lymphatic nodules, lymphatics, plasma cells, and macrophages
A
  • Lamina propria
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7
Q
  • What types of epithelium are present in GI cells?
A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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8
Q
  • What are the components of the submucosal layer?
A
  • Dense irregular CT (w/ neurovascular and lymphatics)
  • Glands (esophagus and duodenum)
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9
Q
  • What are the components of the muscularis externa?
  • Function of each component
  • __ plexus is located between the two layers_
A
  • Inner circular layer
    • ​Constriction of lumen
  • Outer longitudinal layer
    • ​Shortens tube
  • Neurovascular
  • Overall function is to break down food
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10
Q
  • _ has a mesothelium covering and is suspended by a mesentary/peritoneal fold
  • _ does not have a mesothelium covering
  • Can an organ have both?
A
  • Serosa
  • Adventitia
  • Yes, depending on location
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11
Q
  • Identify the following
A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
  5. Inner circular layer
  6. Musculara mucosa
  7. Lamina propria
  8. Epithelium (Simple columnar)
  9. Outer longitudinal layer
  10. Serosa
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12
Q
  • Extrinsic component of GI innervation
  • Intrinsic component of GI innervation
A
  • Sympathetics and parasympathetics
  • Enteric Nervous System
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13
Q
  • Parasympathetic innervation
    • What nerves are involed?
    • Ganglion and postsynaptic fibers are _
  • Sympatheric innervation
    • What nerves are involved?
      *
A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Pelvic splanchnic nerves
  • Fibers in these are presynaptic
  • Gangion and postsynaptic fibers are intramural
  • Greater, lesser and least splanchnic
  • Synapse in paravertebral ganglion and post-synaptic fibers travel to organs on peri-arterial plexuses
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14
Q
  • What two plexuses are part of the enteric nervous system?
    • ​Where are they located
    • What is their function
A
  • Submucosal plexus of Meissner
    • ​Harder to see histologically
    • Regulate secretion in glands of the submucosa
  • ​Myenteric plexus of Auerbach
    • ​Between inner circular layer and puter longitudinal layer of the muscularis
  • Both function together to control:
    • ​Peristaltic contractions of muscularis externa and movements of muscularis mucosae
    • Secretory activities of mucosal and submucosal glands
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15
Q
  • What cells are the Pacemaker cells of the enteric nervous system?
A
  • Interstitial Cells of Cahal
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16
Q

Preganglionic axons of parasympathetics _ gastric motility

Postganglionic axons of the sympathetics _ gastric motility

A
  • Increase
  • Decrease
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17
Q
  • Identify the following
A
  1. Inner circular layer of the muscularis externa
  2. Myenteric plexus of Auerbach
  3. Outer longitudinal later of the muscularis externa
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18
Q
  • *The _ part of the esophagus has adventitia*
  • *The _ part of the esophagus has serosa*
A

Thoracic esophagus

Abdominal esophagus (inferior to the diaphragm)

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19
Q
  • What are the two types of glands present in the esophagus?
  • What are their functions?
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Cardiac esophageal glands
    • ​Lamina propria
    • Produce mucus to lubricate the epithelium
  • Submucosal glands
    • ​Small lobules with mucous and serous cell types
    • In submucosal layer
      *
20
Q
  • Where has this tissue sample been taken from?
  • Identify the numbered components
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Thoracic esophagus
  • 1) Mucosa
  • 2) Submucosa
  • 3) Submucosal gland
  • 4) Muscularis external
  • 5) Adventitia
21
Q
  • What type of epithelium is present in the mucosa of the esophagus?
  • What are some other key features of the mucosa of the esophagus?
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
  • Numerous folds
  • Muscularis mucosae only present in lower segment and contains numerous cardiac esophageal glands
22
Q
  • What is located in the submucosal layer of the esophagus
Study These Flashcards
A

Submucosal venous plexuses

Collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels

23
Q
  • Submucosal venous plexuses drain into both _ and _ venous system
  • Increased pressure can lead to _
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Systemic and portal
  • Esophageal varices (dilation of the submucosal venous sinuses)
24
Q
  • Muscularis in:
    • Upper third of esophagus
    • Middle third of esophagus
    • Lower third of esophagus
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Upper third-skeletal muscle (multi-nucleated, striated, nuclei on outer edges)
  • Middle third-mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle
  • Lower-smooth muscle (lighter, not as compact as the skeletal muscle)
25
* What is this tissue sample from? * Identify the following
* Esophagus 1) Stratified squamous epithelium 2) Lamina propria 3) and 4) Muscularis 5) Gland 6) Duct
26
* Epithelium transitions from _ in the esophagus to _ in the stomach * Epithelium in the stomach is \_
* Nonkeratinized stratified squamous * Simple Columnar * Glandular (with pits/glands)
27
* The upper esophageal sphincter is _ and involved in the _ reflex * The lower esophageal sphincter is _ and prevents \_
* Anatomical, swallowing * Functional, reflux of gastric contents
28
* **GERD v. Barrett's Esophagus**
* GERD * Reflux of gastric contents thru LES * Barrett's Esophagus * Transitional zone of esophagus (should be nonkeratinized stratified squamous) becomes simple columnar and mucus secreting
29
* What are the four regions of the stomach? * What are the two areas of the stomach?
* Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum * **Orad area** * Fundus and upper part of body * Relaxes during swallowing * **Caudad area** * Lower portion of body and the antrum * Regulates gastric emptying
30
* Gastric mucosal folds (aka \_) are covered by _ and form a gastric mucosal barrier * Gastric folds are located in the _ layers
* Rugae * Gastric pits * Mucosa and submucosal
31
* Where was this tissue sample from? * Identify the components
* Stomach 1. Gastric pits 2. Mucosa 3. Muscularis Mucosae 4. Submucosa 5. Muscularis Externa 6. Oblique layer 7. Inner circular layer 8. Outer longitudinal layer
32
* Does the stomach have serosa or adventitia?
* Serosa-surrounded by peritoneum
33
* Mucosa of the stomach * _ epithelium * Contains _ glands * _ fibers * Muscularis mucosase facilitates release of \_
* Simple columnar * Cardiac, Gastric, Pyloric * Reticular and collagen fibers * Gastric gland secretions
34
* Submucosa * _ CT with _ and _ fibers * Contains _ plexus
* Dense irregular, collagen and elastin fibers * Meissner's * Also contains arterioles, venous plexuses and lymphatics
35
* Muscularis/muscularis externa * _ layers of smooth muscle (one of which is unique to the stomach) * _ muscular layer thickens in pyloric region to help form the **pyloric sphincter**
* 3 (Oblique=unique) * Circular
36
* Known as the hallmark of the stomach * Contains three regions * Present throughout gastric mucosa except for areas occupied by cardiac and pyloric glands
* Fundic/Gastric Glands
37
* ***_What are the three regions of the gastric glands?_*** * ***_Describe each/which cell types are present_*** * ***_Which part of the gastric gland DOES NOT produce secretions_***
* **Isthmus** * **​**Between gastric pit and gland below * Contains **stem cells** * **Neck** * **​**Narrow, long region * **Mucous neck cells, Parietal Cells, Enteroendocrine Cells** * **Fundic segment** * **​**Shorter and wider base * **Chief Cells, Enteroendocrine cells, Some parietal cellsn** * Isthmus
38
* **What is located superiorly to the isthmus of the gastric gland?** * **What is its function?**
* **Gastric pit** * **​Contains surface mucosal cells**
39
* **Function of mucous cells (both surface and neck)**
* **Produce mucus layer 95% water, 5 % mucin** * **Neutralizes microenvironment of the stomach to an alkaline pH**
40
* ***_Chief Cells_*** * ***_​Location_*** * ***_Function_*** *
* **Located in fundus of gastric glands** * **_Release zymogen granules that contain pepsinogen proenzyme_** * **_​Pepsinogen converted to pepsin in acidic environment of stomach_** * **_Helps with protein digestion_** * **_Exocytosis is stimulated by eating_**
41
* ***_Parietal Cells_*** * ***_​Location_*** * ***_Function_*** * ***_3 Distinctive Features_***
* **Neck and upper segment** * **_Produce HCl and intrinsic factor (binds Vitamin B12)_** * **_3 FeaturesL_** * **_​Abundant mitochondria (for pumping H+)_** * **_Intracellular canaliculus_** * **_H+/K+ Dependent ATPase rich tubovesicular system_**
42
* ***_What are the two types of enteroendocrine cells?_*** * ***_Where are they located?_*** * ***_What is their function?_***
* Open * Exposed to gland lumen * Closed * Unexposed to gland lumen * **Located in fundus (prevalent in base)** * **Secrete peptide hormones**: * **Gastrin** * Produced by G cells in pyloric antrum * Stimulates Acid Secretion * **Somatostatin** * Produced by D cells * Inhibits Gastrin Action * **Ghrelin** * Stimulates GH secretion * Triggers hunger
43
* ***_Cardiac Glands of the Stomach_*** * ***_​Describe them_*** * ***_HALLMARK?_***
* **_Located in cardia of the stomach_** * **_Glands are tubular, coiled, and somewhat branched_** * **_HALLMARK: APPEAR CIRCULAR AND OBLIQUE IN SECTIONS_**
44
* ***_Pyloric Glands of the Stomach_*** * ***_​Location_*** * ***_Function_***
* Between fundus and pylorus * **lined with mucus secreting cells** * **Branches, tubular coiled glands** * **Secrete large and pale secretory mucus** * **Ocassionally will contain enteroendocrine cells and parietyal cells** * **GALT**
45
* Identify the following cell types
1. Chief cells (more eosinophilic) 2. Parietal cells

GI Exam 1 (10 decks)

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