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GI tract pathology - MRAD2240 > Esophagus Pathologies > Flashcards

Esophagus Pathologies Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q
  • Congenital OR acquired
  • Trachea and esophagus connects
  • Can be acquired from:
    • malignancy
    • infection
    • trauma
A

Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)

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2
Q

How would a TEF appear on x-ray w/ contrast?

A

Contrast outlines areas with esophageal communication(connection)

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3
Q
  • Esophagus fails to develop properly and it ends abruptly into a pouch
  • Usually comes with TEFs
A

Esophageal Atresia

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of TEF?

A
  • coughing/choking when trying to eat
  • difficulty breathing
  • white frothy bubbles in the mouth
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5
Q

TEFs often lead to severe and fatal ____________

A

Pulmonary complications (like aspiration pneumonia)

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6
Q

Symptoms of Esophageal Atresia

A
  • coughing
  • choking
  • cyanosis
    when eating
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7
Q

How would esophageal atresia appear on x-ray?

A

Contrast would pool into the pouch and stay there which shows where the esophagus ends

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8
Q
  • A broad term for any type of stomach content reflux into the esophagus
  • usually comes with hiatal hernia
A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

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9
Q

What does GERD cause?

A
  • reflux esophagitis
  • superficial ulcerations
  • burning chest pain
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10
Q

How does GERD develop?

A

When the lower esophageal sphincter does not work properly

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11
Q

How does GERD appear on x-ray?

A
  • barium is seen returning to esophagus from stomach
  • Ulcerations trap a lil bit of contrast so you’ll see dots or streaks on the esophagus
  • Barium-filled esophagus’ outer border will look hazy
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12
Q

If there is a risk of perforation, what should we do when performing a contrast exam?

A

Do NOT use barium, use iodinated CM instead

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13
Q

What is erosion?

A

loss of superficial epithelial layers of mucosa

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14
Q

What is ulceration?

A

loss of all epithelial layers of mucosa extending into submucosa

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15
Q

GERD can result in _______

A

large, discrete and penetrating ulcers in the distal esophagus

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16
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

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17
Q

What usually causes dysphagia?

A

malignancy in esophagus

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18
Q

What would we see on x-ray when patient has dysphagia?

A

structural abnormalities
masses
barium not getting swallows normally

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19
Q

What is esophageal carcinoma?

A

Cancer of the esophagus
most commonly found at esophagogastric junction

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20
Q

What does esophageal carcinoma cause?

A

progressive dysphagia

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21
Q

What is the most believed cause of esophageal carcinoma?

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A

smoking and alcohol

22
Q

What is used to stage esophageal carcinoma the best?

23
Q

Radiographic appearance of esophageal carcinoma:

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A
  • Flat plaque-like lesions with an ulcer in the middle
  • progressive constriction of esophagus as cancer encircles esophagus
  • esophageal wall irregularity
24
Q

How do we indicate early esophageal carcinoma?

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A

Thickening of esophageal lumen

25
What is diverticula
small bulging pouches that form in the lining of the GI tract
26
Pharyngo-esophageal pouch that traps food and liquid
Zenker's or Zenker Diverticulum
27
Whats the radiographic appearance of Zenker's
Contrast outlines esophagus and separate posterior out-pouching
28
The posterior out-pouching of zenkers is caused by?
The cricopharyngeal muscle isnt working properly
29
What does zenkers cause?
increased risk of aspiration
30
Veins in the wall of the esophagus are dilated
Esophageal Varices
31
What causes esophageal varices?
Portal hypertension, blood cant use the liver route so it goes up the gastric and esophageal veins instead causing it get distended.
32
Radiographic appearance of esophageal varices
Looks like a snake or wavy, Serpiginous thickening of folds which look like oval or round filling defects
33
What is a fatal complication that can occur with esophageal varices?
Vessels can rupture and cause you to bleed out into your esophagus which can be fatal
34
What is the most common GI pathology seen on exams?
Hiatal hernia
35
What is a hiatal hernia?
- When the stomach protrudes THROUGH the diaphragm and into the chest cavity - might slide, meaning it can slip through diaphragm back n forth - can be symptomatic or not
36
What does hiatal hernia cause? (symptoms)
- acid reflux - Inflamed esophagus (esophagitis) - ulcers - heartburn - SOB
37
Radiographic appearance of hiatal hernia?
part of the stomach is seen above the diaphragm's hole for the stomach (hiatus, hence hiatal)
38
A variety of birth defects that involve abnormal diaphragm development that lets abdominal contents to go into chest cavity which compromises the lungs and its development.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
39
Symptoms of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
- Dyspnea - Tachypnea - tachycardia - cyanosis - abnormal chest development - Bowel sounds in the chest
40
radiographic appearance of congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
abdominal contents seen in chest above diaphragm
41
- Usually in adults from trauma - Abdominal organs prolapse into thoracic cavity
Acquired diaphragmatic hernia
42
Symptoms of acquired diaphragmatic hernia?
- Dyspnea - tachypnea - tachycardia - bowel sounds in chest
43
radiographic appearance of acquired diaphragmatic hernia
Abdominal organs seen in chest cavity
44
Obstruction of the distal esophagus because it doesn't wanna work properly (functional obstruction)
Achalasia
45
Symptoms of achalasia?
- difficulty swallowing food - food sticking in the esophagus - chest pain - cough
46
Foreign bodies often enter the body via:
aspiration ingestion penetration
47
radiographic appearance of achalasia
progressively dilated esophagus with narrowing at the distal end
48
If foreign body was ingested, it is often found where?
GI tract or nasopharynx
49
Radiographic appearance of foreign bodies
Some can be radiolucent or opaque so it depends. It'll look like whatever it was they swallowed. Radiolucent FBs need CM to see secondary signs
50
Perforation of the esophagus is often caused by?
severe vomiting or coughing (but vomiting mostly)
51
What does esophageal perforation cause?
- difficulty swallowing - fever - low bp - tachycardia - tachypnea - pain at site
52
Radiographic appearance of esophageal perforation
- free air in the mediastinum OR periesophageal soft tissue - contrast media extravasation (leaks out of esophagus MAKE SURE ITS BARIUM) - If theres a dissection, your gonna see a little lucent line

GI tract pathology - MRAD2240 (6 decks)

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