Essay Question Outlines Flashcards
(17 cards)
Define Declarative/Explicit memory. Which two types of memory combine to make this?
- Stores facts & experiences, refers to memories that can be consciously discussed; refers to knowing “that”
- semantic & episodic
What is the definition & features of episodic memory?
a type of LTM w/ time & space reference
- Organized spatiotemporally
- Clear source of memory
- Reference to the self/ sense of intimacy
- Retrieval through spatiotemporal cues
What is the definition & features of semantic memory?
memory of factual knowledge
- Organized conceptually
- No clear source of memory
- No necessary reference to the self/ no sense of intimacy
- Retrieval through conceptual cues
Define Procedural/Implicit Memory
LTM of skills & procedures characterized by the lack of conscious awareness during recollection & therefore not easily verbalized; refers to knowing “how”
Which tasks are evidence for the distinction between declarative & procedural memory?
Note: you should be able to describe them
- rotary pursuit task
2. mirror reading task
Which task measures implicit memory? Describe
perceptual identificaton task
Method:
P’s study list of words & presented w/ fast expose of a word either on the study list or not & receive accuracy points for the proper ID of presented word
Results:
P’s receive more accuracy points for words in the study list
Describe the entry of info distinctions between STM & LTM
STM: attentive–sensory register
LTM: rehearsal/orginization
Describe the maintenence of info distinctions between STM & LTM & empiricial evidence
STM: rehearsal–rehearsal strategy
Method: P’s given long list of words & used think-aloud protocols (while P’s memorize the words they are instructed to describe their strategy for memorization)
Results: P’s used the rehearsal strategy → better recall
LTM: subjective organization–part-whole paradigm
Method: P’s (Group 1 & 2) learn 16 words
1. Group 1: given 32 words (16 initial + 16 new)
2. Group 2: given 32 new words
Results: group 2 performed better on recall b/c of subjective organization
Describe the format of info distinctions between STM & LTM & empiricial evidence
STM: acoustic
LTM: semantic
Method:
1. P’s presented w/ 4 lists of words: (1) acoustically similar; (2) acoustically dissimilar; (3) semantically similar; & (4) semantically dissimilar
2. P’s recall after presentation (STM) or after distraction task (LTM)
Results:
1. STM:
1a. Acoustic: dissimilar were better remembered
1b. Semantic: no difference
2. LTM:
2a. Acoustic: no difference
2b. Semantic: dissimilar were better remembered
What is the capacity of LTM
no known limit
Describe the info loss distinctions between STM & LTM & empiricial evidence
STM: decay/interference/displacement
1. interference–Underwood experiment
2. displacement–Serial Position Curve
LTM: loss of accessibility–Cue Dependent Forgetting
Method: P’s presented w/ long list of words belonging to categories
Results: P’s forgot some words but were able to remember if given category name cue by experimenter
Describe the trace duration of info in STM & empirical evidence
- 15-20 sec (up to 30 sec)
2. Brown-Peterson Task
What is the trace duration of info in LTM
years
Describe the retrieval of info distinctions between STM & LTM & empiricial evidence
STM: exhaustive, serial search–Sternberg Search Paradigm
LTM: organized search
Give the visual material explanation for why the Method of Loci works & empirical evidence
Method: P’s presented w/ (set 1: 2560 pictures) over a few days → after a few days P’s are presented w/ another set of pictures (set 2: both old and new) & asked to recognize which pictures in set 2 were also in set 1
Results: recognition rate = 98%
Give the dual-coding explanation for why the Method of Loci works & empirical evidence
Method: P’s presented w/ list of words (some concrete, some abstract) & asked to recall list
Results: concrete words remembered better than abstract
Give the organization explanation for why the Method of Loci works & empirical evidence
Method: P’s read ambiguous text passage by itself or accompanied by illustration & asked to recall text
Results: illustration accompanying the test facilitated better recall b/c it provided organization
