essays Flashcards
(23 cards)
the importance of proteins in the control of processes and responses in organisms
structure of proteins- lower activation energy to allow metabolic pathways to occur at body temp.
spindle fibres in mitosis- genetic stability- errors can lead to genetic disorders
transcription factors- can make specialised cells
control of blood glucose- insulin and glucagon- water pot
immunity- antibodies
the importance of DNA as an information carrying molecule and its uses in gene technologies
structure- stability, pass on genes, each strand acts as a template, universal, degenerate, nonoverlapping
semiconservative replication- cell division and replication
protein synthesis- transcription and translation, importance of proteins
recombinant DNA- insulin
gene therapy- inserting functioning allele using vector eg virus
DNA fingerprinting- VNTR
genetic modification- yield, reduce pesticide use- ethical concerns
importance of water in organisms
Metabolite and solvent
Cohesion tension- transpiration
Mass transport- tissue fluid and mass flow hypothesis
Buffers changes in temperature- SHC and SLH
Osmoregulation
photosynthesis- photolysis of water
The importance of the control of movement in cells and organisms
- Cells- gas exchange (human, insects, fish)
- Cells- synapses, muscle contraction
- Cells- control of heat rate, blood water pot, blood glucose
- Organisms- survival and response
The importance of specific shapes of molecules in organisms
- Proteins and enzymes
- Receptors and specificity
- Immune response
- Glucose, starch, cellulose
- DNA replication
The importance of responses to changes in the external and internal environment of an organism
- Control of water pot- lysis/ shrivel
- Control of blood glucose conc-
- Control of body temp- enzymes
- Reflexes/ muscle contractions- avoid harm
- Control of heart rate
The importance of proteins in the control of processes and responses in organisms
- Immunology
- DNA
- Haemoglobin
- Enzymes in photosynthesis and respiration
- Control of movement across cell membranes
The importance of nitrogen containing substances in biological systems
- DNA replication
- ATP
- Proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids
- Nitrogen cycle
The importance of ions in the body
- Ca2+ in muscle contraction
- Na+ and cotransport
- Water potential and osmosis
- H+ in photosynthesis and respiration
- Nitrogen cycle
The importance of interactions between cells and between organisms
immune system
synapses
courtship behaviour
competition
food chains
mycorrhizae
The importance of diffusion in organisms
- Synaptic transmission
- Muscle contraction
- Gas exchange/ mass transport in plants and animals
- Transport across membranes
- Plant responses to stimuli
The importance of ATP in biology
- Active transport- low to high conc against gradient. ATP breaks down releasing energy allowing solute to travel through carrier protein. No atp, this cant happen so inhibits mineral ion uptake in plants so cant grow
- Photosynthesis- LIR, calvin cycle, stroma. Reduce GP to TP- useful organic products. Respiration- phosphorylation of glucose- splits into TP- oxidised to pyruvate. ATP vital for cells to respire
- Resting potential- Na+ and K+ actively transported in sodium potassium pump- reestablish resting pot so cells remain self sustaining and homeostasis can continue
- Muscle contraction
- Protein synthesis
The control of processes in cells and the importance of these controls
- Control of blood glucose concentration
- Control of gene expression
- Mutations
- Mitosis/ cell cycle/ DNA replication
- Meiosis
- Transport across membranes
- Immune response
- Importance of water as an essential molecule for life
- metabolite/ solvent/ SLC/ SHC- buffer changes in temperature, lots of reactions occur in solutions
- cohesion tension theory (transpiration) and mass flow hypothesis (translocation)- keeps plant rigid and transports water eg for photosynthesis
- tissue fluid- respiration
- osmoregulation- prevent cells from being damaged by lysis/ shrivelling
- photosynthesis- photolysis of water
Importance of cell division for development and survival
- meiosis to produce gametes
- clonal selection and production of plasma cells
- crossing over- variation- disease
- gene expression and regulation
- mitosis- growth and repair
- Importance of proteins
- enzymes- digestion, rna polymerase
- receptors
- antibodies/ antigens
- histone proteins and acetylation
- actin and myosin
- haemoglobin
- Importance of microorganisms
- saprobionts and nitrogen cycle
- plasmids as a vector
- antibiotic resistance important- evolution
- vaccines
- gene therapy- inserting functioning allele using vector eg virus
- Importance of gene technology
- genetic screening
- genetic fingerprinting
- PCR- producing more DNA
- ## genetic modification- agriculture and medicine eg insulin
- Importance of membranes in living organisms
- resting and action potential
- synaptic transmission
- cell surface receptors- immune response
- chemiosmosis
- Transport across membranes
- Selectively permeable barrier
- Hormones
- Importance of biological molecules in a range of biological processes
- ATP
- water
- cellulose, glycogen, starch (carbohydrates)
- nucleic acids
- proteins
- Importance of homeostasis/ balance
- osmoregulation
- control of heart rate
- control of blood glucose
- ## balance of ions in resting pot (if says balance not homeostasis)
Cycles
- Nitrogen/ phosphorus
- Krebs/ calvin
- Cell cycle
- Cardiac cycle
- Breathing
The causes and importance of variation and diversity in organisms
natural selection and evolution
gene flow
meiosis
mutations
disease/ survival eg peppered moth
more variety= more stable as more niches and more stable food webs
talk about hardy Weinberg and DNA sequencing somewhere about measuring changes
