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Science > Est: Genetics > Flashcards

Est: Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are genetics?

A

factors responsible for characteristic traits in organisms.

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2
Q

what is a characteristic trait?

A

physical or psychological attributes that may vary from one individual to another within the same species.

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3
Q

what is chromatin

A

a mass of dna and proteins within the nucleus of most cells not undergoing mitosis.

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4
Q

what are chromosomes

A

structures that are formed when a chromatin contracts before mitosis

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5
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

a paired set of similar chromosomes

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6
Q

in humans 46 chromosomes form…

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (one from each parent)

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7
Q

what is a karotype

A

is an ordered representation or an individual’s chromosomes, obtained by grouping them into homologous chromosomes.

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8
Q

what are sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair of a different sized chromosomes

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9
Q

what is the female sex chromosome

A

xx

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10
Q

what is the male sex chromosome

A

xy

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11
Q

what does a dna look like

A

double helix, twisted ladder shape

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12
Q

what does dna contain

A

nucleotides

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13
Q

what does each nucleotide contain

A

-a sugar: deoxyribose
-a phosphate
-one of 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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14
Q

describe the pairing of nitrogenous based

A

-always pair A with T: A+T T+A
-always pair C with G: C+G G+C

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15
Q

What is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA containing the instructions to make proteins.

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16
Q

What creates a gene?

A

a particular sequence of bases (ATGC).

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17
Q

What is a genome?

A

all of the genes we receive from our parents put together.

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18
Q

What do genes provide?

A

the information for making proteins which determine our traits

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19
Q

What is a protein?

A

a molecule that plays a specific role in the functioning of an organism and in the expression of its characteristic traits.

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20
Q

how many proteins exist?

A

100 000 different proteins exists, each playing a very specific role in the organism

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21
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

chains of Amino Acids (21 in all)

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22
Q

What determines the function of the protein?

A

The sequence of Amino Acids

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23
Q

What is protein made by? Where are they located?

A

Protein is made by Ribosomes which are located outside the nucleus.

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24
Q

What cannot leave the nucleus?

A

DNA

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25
Q

Because DNA cannot leave the nucleus, DNA must be…
And this is called the…

A

copied and carried out to the ribosome to synthesize proteins.
this is called the use of Messenger RNA
(mRNA)

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26
Q

How many strands does DNA have?

A

double-stranded

27
Q

How many strands does mRNA have?

A

single stranded

28
Q

What replaces Thymine in the mRNA strand?

A

uracil. T becomes U

29
Q

What is the sugar that replaces deoxyribose in mRNA strand?

A

Riboses.

30
Q

Where des tRNA only exist?

A

in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus.

31
Q

What does tRNA carry on both ends?

A

tRNA carries an amino acid on one end and a nucleotide triplet or codon on the other end.

32
Q

What is the name of the DNA segments that contain information for making proteins?

A

Genes

33
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases that constitute the nucleotides of DNA? Give the name of each base and the letter used to represent it.

A

Adenine=A
Thymine=T
Guanine=G
Cytosine=C

34
Q

State the exact pairing pattern for both all four bases in both DNA and RNA.

A

DNA=
-A always pairs with T and vice versa.
-C always pairs with G and vice versa.
(4)

RNA=
-A always pairs with U (thymine replaced by uracil)
-T always pairs with A
-C always pairs with G and vice versa.
(4)

35
Q

In a DNA molecule, which chemical unites make up the rungs of the ladder?

A

a phosphate group

36
Q

In a DNA molecule, which two chemical units make up the sides of the ladder?

A

deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases

37
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in the mRNA strand?

A

adenine
uracil
cytosine
guanine

38
Q

What is the sugar molecule in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

39
Q

What is the sugar molecule in mRNA?

A

ribose

40
Q

write the steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. dna is unzipped
  2. mrna goes into nucleus to copy dna
  3. leaves nucleus to the cytoplasm
  4. attaches itself to a ribosome
  5. ribosome reads codons three at a time
  6. aug codons start process.
  7. codons determine which amino acids go to a chain
  8. aa are brought up to the trna molecules and link to protein chain
  9. after ribosome sees UAG, UAA, UGA codons, the protein process is completed
  10. the synthesized protein is released to do its job in the organism.
41
Q

what are the principles of heredity?

A

-crossbreeding
-alleles
-genotypes and phenotypes

42
Q

what is heredity

A

the transmission of parents character traits to their offspring

43
Q

what is a pure line

A

a group of individuals of the same species, which, for a specific character trait, produces only offspring with the same trait, without variation.

44
Q

what is cross breeding

A

the exchange of gametes between 2 different individuals during sex

45
Q

what is a hybrid

A

an individual obtained by the cross breeding of 2 genetically different individuals

46
Q

what is generation

A

a group of individuals descended from common parents

47
Q

who is gregor mendel

A

a scientist/priest who was the first to understand how character traits are inherited.

48
Q

what are alleles

A

are a possible form of genes. different alleles have different sequences.

49
Q

what is homozygous

A

both alleles for the individual are identical

50
Q

what is heterozygous

A

the two alleles for the individual are different.

51
Q

what is dominant

A

an allele that is expressed when an indictable carries 2 diff alleles for a given gene. (B)

52
Q

what is recessive

A

is an allele that is not expressed when an individual carries 2 diff alleles for a given gene (b)

53
Q

what is a genotype

A

is an individual’s genetic inheritance. it describes all of an individual’s alleles for specific genes. (non specific)

54
Q

what is a phenotype

A

is the way in which a genotype expresses itself. it describes the appearance or state of the individual for one or more character trait. (more specific)

55
Q

what is cloning

A

it is asexual reproduction that involves one parent. the offspring is identical to the parent. same dna as parent

56
Q

when does natural cloning occur

A

in nature without human intervention

57
Q

what is budding in natural cloning

A

a new individual develops from a protrusion that eventually detaches itself from the parent.

58
Q

what is layering in natural cloning

A

roots develop from a branch in contact with the ground (branch is on the ground from the stem). detaches itself and becomes a new individual. ex: tomato

59
Q

what is propagation by cutting in natural cloning

A

a new individual is formed from a separated section of the plant (other than its seeds)

60
Q

what is artificial plant cloning

A

occurs with human intervention. humans take a cutting from a plant and put it in water until it grows roots

61
Q

describe four steps of animal cloning

A
  1. remove the full dna from the cell of an individual to be cloned
  2. take ovum from another individual and remove nucleus (1/2 of DNA)
  3. combine full dna to ovum
  4. implant embryo into the uterus of surrogate mother.
62
Q

describe reproductive human cloning

A

application of cloning techniques to get a new individual genetically identical to the one being cloned.

63
Q

describe therapeutic human cloning

A

application of cloning techniques to get tissues or organs genetically identical to those of a person in need of transplant or medical grafting

64
Q

what is molecular cloning

A

production of multiple copies of the same defective gene to study genetic illnesses like cystic fibrosis

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