Etc

Question 1

What is the indication for taking fish oil/omega 3 supplement?

Answer 1

Hypertriglyceridemia

Question 2

What is the mechanism of action of fish oil/omega 3?

Answer 2

Decrease in hepatic secretion of VLDL-C, increase VLDL-C clearance, reduces TG transport.

Question 3

What pathways do omega-3 fatty acids compete with?

Answer 3

Compete with arachidonic acid in the cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways

Question 4

What are the drug interactions of fish oil?

Answer 4

Antihypertensives, contraceptives, and orlistat

Question 5

What are the herb interactions of fish oil?

Answer 5

The Gs: Garlic, ginger, ginkgo, and ginseng

Question 6

What are the indications for niacin?

Answer 6

Dyslipidemia

Question 7

What are the effects of niacin supplement?

Answer 7

Decrease LDL and TG, increase HDL

Question 8

What are some major side effects of niacin?

Answer 8

Flushing, GI effects, increase blood glucose and uric acid (contraindicated in gout)

Question 9

What is the MOA of plant sterols?

Answer 9

Inhibits about 50% intestinal absorption of cholesterol

Question 10

What is the MOA of plant stanols?

Answer 10

Inhibits dietary and biliary cholesterol

Question 11

What are the effects of plant sterols?

Answer 11

Lowers TC and LDL-C, no effect on HDL

Question 12

What are the effects of plant stanols?

Answer 12

Lowers LDL-C

Question 13

What are the side effects of plant sterols?

Answer 13

GI effects

Question 14

What are the side effects of plant stanols?

Answer 14

Diarrhea and steatorrhea

Question 15

What are the drug interactions of plant sterols and stanols?

Answer 15

Beta carotene and VitE, Zetia

Question 16

Which are more effective: plant sterols or stanols?

Answer 16

Equally effective

Question 17

What is the efficacy of Ephedra?

Answer 17

Weight loss of 0.9 kg/month up to 6 months with

Question 18

What are the adverse reactions of Ephedra?

Answer 18

Dizziness, anxiety, dry mouth, tachycardia, HTN, seizures, cardiomyopathy, MI, arrhythmia, and sudden death.

Question 19

What is the MOA of bitter orange?

Answer 19

Contains 6% of synephrine (related to ephedrine)

Question 20

What are the adverse effects of bitter orange?

Answer 20

Same as Ephedra

Question 21

What is the efficacy of taking in more Ca in the diet?

Answer 21

Weight loss

Question 22

What are the drug interactions of orlistat?

Answer 22

Anticoagulants, amiodarone, levothyroxine, and vitamins (absorption).

Question 23

Which organ can orlistat damage?

Answer 23

Liver

Question 24

Which types of patients take chromium supplements?

Answer 24

Diabetes patients

Question 25

What is the MOA of chromium?

Answer 25

Might reduce oxidative stress. Reduces HbA1C.

Question 26

What are the adverse reactions of chromium?

Answer 26

HA, insomnia, irritability, mood changes, sleep disturbances, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage

Question 27

What is the MOA of vanadium?

Answer 27

Activates insulin R proteins, stimulates glucose oxidation and transport. Stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver. Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue. Promotes glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.

Question 28

What are the adverse reactions of vanadium?

Answer 28

GI upset, kidney toxicity, fatigue, lethargy and tongue discoloration.

Question 29

What are the indications for garlic supplements?

Answer 29

Hypertension and dyslipidemia

Question 30

What is the MOA of garlic?

Answer 30

Allicin is the active ingredient. Inhibits hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Activates production of endothelium-derived relaxation factor to relax SM and vasodilate.

Question 31

What are the indications for coenzyme Q-10?

Answer 31

CHF and prevention of statin-induced myopathy

Question 32

What is the MOA of coenzyme Q-10?

Answer 32

Antioxidant properties to stop damage and give energy to cells. Cofactor in metabolic pathways.

Question 33

What is the major drug interaction of coenzyme Q-10?

Answer 33

Anticoagulants (increased risk for bleeding)

Question 34

What is the major lab interaction of coenzyme Q-10?

Answer 34

Increased T4/T8 ratio in normal patients

Question 35

What are the disease interactions of coenzyme Q-10?

Answer 35

May lower BP, cigarette smoking may deplete body stores

Question 36

How do you determine the mid-parental height for a boy?

Answer 36

[mother's height (+5in or 13cm) + father's height] / 2

Question 37

How do you determine the mid-parental height for a girl?

Answer 37

[father's height (-5in or 13cm) + mother's height] / 2

Question 38

Define constitutional growth delay

Answer 38

aka "late bloomers." Growth deceleration during first 2 years of life followed by normal growth paralleling lower percentile curve. Delayed skeletal maturation.

Question 39

Define familial short stature

Answer 39

North growth velocity and height that are within normal limits for parent's heights

Question 40

Define failure to thrive

Answer 40

Infants or young children (

Question 41

Define nutritional growth retardation

Answer 41

Same as FTT but in those > 3 YO

Question 42

How can stimulant medications lead to nutritional growth retardation?

Answer 42

Decrease in appetite

Question 43

Define children born small for gestational age

Answer 43

Less than - 2SD for birth weight or length

Question 44

What percentage of children who are small for gestational age remain short as adults?

Answer 44

10%

Question 45

When is it best to do the newborn screening?

Answer 45

3-5 days of life

Question 46

If T3 uptake and T4 are in the same direction, what does this indicate?

Answer 46

Thyroid disease - Low uptake and low T4 is hypothyroidism

Question 47

If T3 uptake and T4 are in opposite directions, what does this indicate?

Answer 47

d

Question 48

What is the pathophysiology of osteomalacia and rickets?

Answer 48

The calcium phosphate product is not adequate to mineralize the osteoid that is formed in bone

Question 49

What is Paget's disease?

Answer 49

An idiopathic bone condition characterized by excessive/unregulated bone resorption and formation.

Question 50

What are the CV clinical features associated with Paget's disease?

Answer 50

Atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis, and CHF

Question 51

What are osteoclastic lab markers?

Answer 51

NTX/CTX