Reproductive

Question 1

Which two sex hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 1

FSH and LH

Question 2

What are the 3 major categories of sex steroids?

Answer 2

Progestins, androgens, and estrogens

Question 3

Various sex steroids are produced in which extra-gonadal tissues?

Answer 3

Placenta, dermis, adrenal glands, and adipose tissue

Question 4

What are the major classes of steroid hormones?

Answer 4

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids

Question 5

What is the precursor of sex steroids?

Answer 5

Cholesterol

Question 6

What is an example of a glucocorticoid?

Answer 6

Cortisol

Question 7

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

Answer 7

Aldosterone

Question 8

What is the rate-limiting enzymatic step of steroid hormone formation from cholesterol?

Answer 8

Cholesterol (27 C) -> Pregnenolone (21 C) catalyzed by 20,22 desmolase

Question 9

Progestins are precursors for the production of what?

Answer 9

Aldosterone and cortisol by the adrenal gland

Question 10

Which three tissues do progestins affect the most?

Answer 10

Breast, uterus, and ovaries

Question 11

What is progesterone’s role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis?

Answer 11

Key feedback inhibitor at the levels of the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 12

What is the minor source of androgens?

Answer 12

Adrenal cortex

Question 13

Which ovarian cells produce estradiol?

Answer 13

Granulosa cells

Question 14

Which enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?

Answer 14

5-alpha-reductase

Question 15

What are the androgenic effects of testosterone?

Answer 15

Growth and development of the internal and external genitalia, the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and sexual fantasies and libido.

Question 16

What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?

Answer 16

Growth-promoting effects on somatic tissues such as bone and muscle.

Question 17

What is testosterone’s role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis?

Answer 17

Testosterone acts as a key feedback inhibitor at the levels of the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 18

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion from androgens to estrogens?

Answer 18

Aromatase

Question 19

What are the three estrogens?

Answer 19

Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2 - most potent), and estriol (E3)

Question 20

Which male cells produce estradiol?

Answer 20

Sertoli cells of the testes

Question 21

Where is estrone (E1) produced?

Answer 21

Adipose tissue

Question 22

Where is estriol (E3) produced?

Answer 22

Placenta

Question 23

What is estradiol’s role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis?

Answer 23

Key feedback inhibitor at the levels of the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 24

In ovulatory females, when are levels of LH and FSH highest?

Answer 24

Shortly before ovulation

Question 25

Where does inhibin exert its negative feedback control?

Answer 25

Pituitary

Question 26

Which cells produce androgens in males?

Answer 26

Leydig cells

Question 27

What do sertoli cells produce?

Answer 27

Androgen-binding protein, estrogens, and spermatogenesis

Question 28

Which ovarian cells produce progestins?

Answer 28

Theca cells and granulosa cells

Question 29

LH acts on which cells?

Answer 29

Theca cells and Leydig cells

Question 30

FSH acts on which cells?

Answer 30

Granulosa cells and Sertoli cells

Question 31

Where exactly are Leydig cells located?

Answer 31

Interstitial layer surrounding the seminiferous tubules

Question 32

Where are theca and granulosa cells located?

Answer 32

Ovarian cortex

Question 33

What are the two ways in which LH stimulates the rate-limiting conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone?

Answer 33

By increasing the amount of desmolase and by enhancing the affinity of desmolase for cholesterol

Question 34

What are the effects of FSH binding to Sertoli cells?

Answer 34

Increased production of androgen binding protein, enhanced conversion of testosterone from the Leydig cells into estradiol, and the production of inhibin

Question 35

Where exactly are theca cells located?

Answer 35

In the ovarian stroma surrounding the follicles

Question 36

How many carbons do progestins contain?

Answer 36

21

Question 37

How many carbons do androgens contain?

Answer 37

19

Question 38

How many carbons do estrogens contain?

Answer 38

18

Question 39

Where is estradiol (E2) produced)?

Answer 39

Ovaries

Question 40

Does ovarian estradiol exert a positive or negative feedback on the pituitary gland which secretes FSH/LH

Answer 40

Positive