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ENDO > ETC Exercise 1 > Flashcards

ETC Exercise 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acc to Barrington 2015, What is clearing?

A

Histological term

Process in which a specimen (or portion is rendered transparent)

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2
Q

According to Barrington 2015 What is Diaphonization?

A

Clearing an entire specimen or even an animal

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3
Q

Acc to Barrington 2015, How did previous methods used by vertucci of clearing work?

A
  • Required an injection site to be made
  • teeth cleaned in soon
  • teeth decalcified in Nitri acid
  • dehydrated in alcohol
  • immersed in methyl salicylate
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4
Q

Acc to Barrington 2015, were the problems with prev methods of clearing?

A
  • required an access to be gained and this could alter the internal structure
  • the amount of internal structure revealed was dependant upon the amount of pressure used in the injection process
  • Dye access depends on cleanliness of the canal content
  • messy and time consuming
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5
Q

Barrington 2015 How must the teeth be stored prior to clearing with the new method?

A
  • Must be extracted and dried within 24 hours of XLA
  • no bleach advised
  • any blood or PDL remnants left to dry on the outside
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6
Q

What acid and percentage was best used in the new method of clearing teeth Barrington 2015?

A

HCL 5-7%

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7
Q

Broadly speaking what are the stages of the new method by Barrington?

A
  • Tooth collection
  • Dried for 42 hours
  • Decalcified in acid
  • Dehydration: Immerse teeth in silica/cat litter
  • immerse in oil for clearing
  • Storage
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8
Q

What is the refractive index?

A

A measure of how fast light travels through the material

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9
Q

Why isn’t alcohol used in the new Barrington method?

A
  • Alccohol can breakdown or destroy pulp remnants
  • Not using alcohol allows air to replace any voids
  • The drying method is a lot quicker without alcohol
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10
Q

What is the benefit to the level of detail seen in the new method in Barrington 2015?

A
  • Microanatomy more easily seen from apical regions through to pulp space
  • 3D visualisation better than that form CT scan
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11
Q

According to Robertson and Leeb 1982, What is the benefit of clearing teeth?

A

Allows you to see the microvasculature and canal morphology

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12
Q

What was the aim of Robertson and Leeb 1982 study?

A

to assess quality of obturation methods

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13
Q

According to Vertucci 2005, what are the diagnostic measures we have to identify number of canals present?

A
  • pre op radiograph
  • use of a sharp probe explore on pulp floor
  • troughing of grooves
  • staining of the pulp floor eg methylene blue
  • Visualise canal bleeding points
  • Microscope (can increase MB from 51% without scope to 82%)
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14
Q

According to Vertucci 2005 with no magnification use what percentage of MB2 are found?

A

18.2% Burley et al

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15
Q

According to Vertucci 2005 what is the pulp cavity comprised of?

A

Pulp chamber + root canal

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16
Q

Where is the pulp chamber located?

A

Within in the anatomic crown

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17
Q

According to Vertucci 2005 roughly what distance from root apex does apical foramen lie?

A

0-3mm

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18
Q

What direction do almost all root canals curve?

A

buccal lingual

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19
Q

According to Vertucci 2005, what is a lateral canal?

A

an accessory canal located in the coronal or middle third of root

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20
Q

According to Vertucci 2005, what part of the root canal do you see lateral canals?

A

Most commonly in apical third and lest cervically

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21
Q

According to Vertucci 2005, how are lateral canals formed?

A

By entrapment of periodontal vessels in HERS during calcification

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22
Q

What is the function of lateral canal?

A

To allow passage of irritants to the periodontal tissues

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23
Q

According to Vertucci 2005, how do furcal canals form?

A

Entrapment of periodontal vessels during fusion of diaphragm which forms floor of pulp chamber

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24
Q

According to Verticcu 2005 where are lateral canals most commonly located in mandib molars?

A

13% furcal
23% coronally
80% from distal root

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25
Q

Which teeth have a greater incidence of furcal canals: max or mandib molars?

A

Mandib

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26
Q

According to Krasner and Rankow what is the most important anatomy in determining canal morphology?

A

CEJ in determining location of pulp chambers and root canal orifice

27
Q

What are the 2 laws of symmetry in helping locating calcified canals as proposed by Krasner and Rankow?

A

Law of sym 1: except for max molars-orifices are equidistant from line drawn in mesiodistal direction
Law of sym 2: except for max molars: orifices are perpendicular to line drawn in Mesio distal direction across centre of pulp floor

28
Q

What is the law of colour change helping locating calcified canals as proposed by Krasner and Rankow?

A

colour of pulp chamber floor is always darker than walls

29
Q

What are the law of orifice locations helping locating calcified canals as proposed by Krasner and Rankow?

A

law 1: orifices located at junction between floor and wall
Law 2: located in the angles between floor and wall
Law 3: located at the terminus of rot development fusion lines

30
Q

What is one type of root canal configuration seen in many molars that mean they don’t comply with laws as proposed by Krasner and Rankow?

A

c shaped canals

approx 5% of lower 6’s and 7’s

31
Q

Dentine increases or decreased with age?

A

Increase

32
Q

Where does most dentine deposition occur within the pulp?

A

roof and floor

less on walls

33
Q

If the canal is in the centre of the root how many canals should be present?

A

one

34
Q

What things can aid calcified canal location?

A 
Use of chelating agents
Dental dam
Magnification
Illumination
Taking additional radiographs
35
Q

What feature of canal orifice location would indicate canals joining?

A

Orifices that are located close to each other

36
Q

If you place a file into a canal and it points in a buccal or lingua direction what could this indicate?

A

Second canal present

37
Q

What happens if you prepare both canals that are joining both to the apex?

A

Over prep-hour glass shape

38
Q

If one canal separates into two is this usually MD or BL?

A

BL

39
Q

According to Slowey et al What letter can be used to visualise a canal splitting into two?

A

the letter h

Buccal is the longer part and lingual is the right angledneed to ensure you open up lingually to allow for good access

40
Q

If there are MB2 canals where can these be located?

A

either on same line between MB1 and P or slightly mesial and then within 3.5 mm of palatal orifice

41
Q

Where can the middle mesial root be found? Vertucci 2005

A

Between the groove of the MB and ML canals see in up to 15%

42
Q

According to vertuccli 2005 wwhich test most commonly present with c shaped canals?

A

Lowers 7’s > lower 6’s? upper 6’s and finally upper 4’s

43
Q

According to Vertucci what is the configuration of the c shaped canals?

A

more commonly c shaped which divides into separate canals below the c shaped
less commonly c shaped from orifice to apex

44
Q

In what ethnitcy are c shaped canals more commonly seen in?

A

Asians

45
Q

According to verticcu how far is the AC from the AF ?

A

0.5-1.5mm

Shorter in younger people

46
Q

Which part of the canal system has the smallest diameter?

A

AC

47
Q

At what point does pulp tissue become PDL tissue?

A

At the CDJ

48
Q

On average how far is the CDJ from the AF?

A

1.0mm

49
Q

What is the minor diameter?

A

AC

50
Q

What distance is the AF from the anatomic apex?

A

0.5-3.0mm

17-46% of cases can be at anatomic apex

51
Q

What is the most common shape for AC?

A

Oval

52
Q

What is the minimum thickness for root dentine thickness after prep?

A

0.3mm

53
Q

For ovoid canals which distance is bigger BL or MD?

A

BL is wider which could leave up to 65% unimstrumented

54
Q

According to cambruzzi and Masrhall what is an isthmus?

A

Narrow ribbon shaped communication between two canals containing pulp or pulp ally derived tissue and can also function as a bacterial resevoir

55
Q

Which teeth have the highest incidence of isthmi?

A

Upper 6’s with Mb1 and Mb2

usually found within 3-4mm of apex

56
Q

According to De Deus 1975 what is the most common canal ramification?

A

Apical delta

57
Q

According to De Deus 1975 where are lateral canals found?

A

main canal to PDL from the base of root

58
Q

According to De Deus 1975 what angle do lateral canals leave at?

A

slight apical inclination sometimes perpendicular

59
Q

What are the three areas of the root?

A

The base
The body
The apex

60
Q

Where is a secondary canal found?

A

in the apical region

61
Q

Where are accessory canals found?

A

From secondary canals

62
Q

How was the De Deus study carried out?

A
  • 1140 human molars
  • accessed and removal of organic tissue
  • prepared and stained
  • studied in a viewing box
63
Q

What were the overall findings of De Deus 1975?

A
  • 27% of teeth showed ramifications
  • premolars and molars showed greatest ramifications
  • incisors shoed least
  • most commonly found in apical region

ENDO (22 decks)

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