Ethanol Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
_____+______ = ethanol + CO2
A
yeast + sugar = ethanol + CO2
2
Q
> ____% alcohol concentration is achieved via distillation
A
25%
3
Q
> 25% alcohol concentration is achieved via ________
A
distillation
4
Q
physiological effects of alcohol occur with _____ quantities
A
gram
5
Q
volume and %AbV of Regular Beer
A
12 oz, 5.0% AbV
6
Q
volume and %AbV of White Wine
A
5 oz, 12.0% AbV
7
Q
volume and %AbV of Red Wine
A
4 oz, 15.0% AbV
8
Q
volume and %AbV of Liquor
A
1.5oz, 40.0% AbV
9
Q
proof = ?
A
%AbV x 2
10
Q
what are “standard drinks”
A
contain same amt of alcohol in grams
Regular Beer, Wine, and Liquor all contain 14 grams of alcohol
11
Q
primary absorption of alcohol occurs in the ________
A
duodenum
12
Q
BAC stands for
A
blood alcohol concentration
13
Q
6 things that affect peak BAC
A
Volume/Percent Ethanol Rate of Drinking Food Consumption Gastric Emptying Gastric Metabolism (ADH) Hepatic First Pass Metabolism
14
Q
what effect does food have on alcohol absorption
A
SLOWS absorption
especially carb/protein rich foods
15
Q
what effect does HIGH alcohol concentration have on gastric emptying
A
SLOWS gastric motility
16
Q
what effect does LOW alcohol concentration have on gastric emptying
A
ACCELERATES gastric motility
17
Q
drugs that ENHANCE gastric emptying have what effect on alcohol absorption
A
INCREASE alcohol absorption
ex: antihistamines, phenothiazines, metoclopramide
18
Q
Examples of drugs that enhance gastric emptying
A
antihistamines, phenothiazines, metoclopramide
19
Q
what is the effect of carbonated beverages on alcohol absoprtion
A
INCREASE alcohol absorption (via increased gastric pressure)
20
Q
what does “increased alcohol absorption” mean in terms of alcohol concentration
A
increased alcohol concentration
21
Q
what hormone is being referred to when talking about gastric metabolism and what effect does it have
A
ADH in the stomach, decreases amount of alcohol that gets to duodenum
22
Q
male or female: increased ADH in the stomach
A
Males
increased gastric metabolism–> decreased absorption
23
Q
male or female: more subcutaneous fat
A
female
fat has poor solubility
24
Q
male or female: greater blood volume/greater volume of water
A
male
dilutes ethanol in blood stream
25
percentage of water in males
55-65%
26
percentage of water in females
45-50%
27
BAC = _______ alcohol per unit ______
GRAMS of alcohol per unit VOLUME
g/100mL, g/dL, mg/mL, g%, %, g/L (Europe)
28
1g/dL = __% BAC
1% BAC
29
1% BAC = __g/dL
1g/dL
30
Ethanol is primarily metabolized in the liver by ____
ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)
31
what 2 enzymes account for >90% of ethanol metabolism
ADH and ALDH (alcohol DH and aldehyde DH)
32
rate limiting step in alcohol metabolism
ADH
33
microsomal oxidizing system
Cytochrome p450s
34
cytochrome p450s are known as the
microsomal oxidizing system
35
what CYP accounts for ~10% of ethanol metabolism
CYP2E1
36
CYP2E1 accounts for __% of ethanol metabolism
10%
37
what drug is used for methanol and isopropyl poisoning
Fomepizole
| inhibits ADH, can't form toxic metbolites
38
Fomepizole is used for
methanol and isopropyl poisoning
39
MOA of Fomepizole
inhibits ADH, can't form toxic metabolites (Formaldehyde)
40
what 2 drugs inhibit CYP2E1 (drug interxns)
Warfarin and Phenytoin
41
chronic ethanol use _______ CYP2E1 expression and raises the risk for ____ toxicity
induces, CCl4 toxicity
42
interactions with catalase and CYPs increase _____ toxicity
acetaminophen
| limits glutathione regeneration
43
how does CYP2E1 enhance oxidative stress
uses NADPH; limits NADPH needed for glutathione regeneration
44
CYP2E1 uses _____ which limits the regeneration of _______
NADPH, glutathione
45
what drug blocks ALDH
Disulfiram
46
what drug causes an accumulation of acetaldehyde when ethanol is consumed (makes you feel yucky to help stop drinking)
Disulfiram
47
Disulfiram inhibits _____
ALDH
48
accumulation of ______ and ______ may produce metabolic disorders
acetyl-CoA and NADH
| ethanol impairs function of NAD+ requiring enzymes --> decrease TCA cycle --> accumulation of acetyl-CoA
49
accumulation of acetyl-CoA supports ____ synthesis and ____ storage
fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride storgae
50
what leads to alcoholic liver disease
ketone bodies accrue, accumulation of fat, protein, water in liver
51
_______ NAD+/NADH ratio contributes to hypoglycemia
decreased
52
caloric density of ethanol
7 kcal/g
53
caloric density of protein, carbs, and fat
protein and carbs = 4 kcal/g
| fat = 9 kcal/g
54
ethanol metabolism produces ______
calories
55
ethanol follows ______ order elimination at VERY LOW BAC (<0.01 - IRRELEVANT)
first order
56
ethanol follows ____ order elimination at any relevant BAC (>0.01)
zero order (constant elimination)
57
BAC decreases _____% per hour
0.017% per hour
58
elimination rate of ethanol
0.017% per hour
59
how to solve BAC Elimination questions
1. convert BAC to a percent (1g/dL = 1% BAC)
2. Divide %BAC by elimination rate (0.017%/hr) to find # of hours
3. Add the time from step 2 to starting time to find when BAC = 0
60
effect of gender on elimination
NO EFFECT!!!!!
gender effects absorption, distribution, and metabolism--but NOT elimination
61
%BAC when mood elevation, muscle relaxation, and decreased vigilance
0.02-0.03%
62
%BAC when relaxation, warmth, slowed reaction, and decreased fine muscle coordination
0.05-0.06%
63
%BAC when impaired balance, speech, hearing, and gross muscle coordination
0.08-0.09%
64
%BAC when gross impairment of physical and mental control
0.10-0.15%
65
%BAC when severely intoxicated, very little control of mind or body
0.20-0.30%
66
%BAC when unconscious, deep coma, death from respiratory depression
0.40-0.50%
67
legal limit for driving
0.08
68
2 reasons why females would have a greater BAC
smaller water/mass ratio, decreased gastric metabolism in females (increased absorption)
69
ethanol can be detected in what 4 ways
breath, urine, blood, and hair
70
glutamate binds to the _____ receptor
NMDA
71
what binds to NMDA receptor
glutamate
72
"gas pedal"/excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate
73
NMDA receptor permits the influx of ____ ions
Calcium
74
ethanol ______ calcium channel opening at the NMDA receptor
INHIBITS CHANNEL OPENING
75
"brake pedal"/inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
76
GABAa receptor permits the influx of ____ ions
Chloride
77
ethanol ______ chloride channel opening at the GABAa receptor
INCREASES chloride channel opening (frequency and duration)
78
Ethanol ______ glutamatergic activity and ______ GABAergic activity
DECREASES glutamatergic, INCREASES GABAergic
79
ethanols intoxicating effects move from the _____ part of the brain to the _____ part of the brain as the dose increases
rostral to caudal
| front to back
80
alcohol induced blackout is also known as
anterograde amnesia
81
what is associated with BAC > 0.20 and/or rapid increase in BAC
blackout/anterograde amnesia
82
what 2 things are associated with an alcohol induced blackout
BAC > 0.20
| rapid increase in BAC
83
the severity of intoxication at a given BAC is greater with rising than falling gas called the ______ effect
Mellanby effect
84
the Mellanby effect states that the intoxication at a given BAC is ________ when rising than falling
greater
85
alcohol associated dementia is known as
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
86
what vitamin deficiency is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
thiamine
87
those with ______ levels of dependency are more susceptible to greater withdrawal severity
higher dependency
88
there is a direct relationship between ______ and withdrawal severity
tolerance
89
does tolerance develop to all effects
NO
also develops at diff magnitudes and rates
90
repeated withdrawal episodes leads to
kindling
91
kindling is associated with an abrupt imbalance of ______ and ______ activity
glutamatergic and GABAergic
92
an abrupt imbalance of glutamaterigic and GABAergic activity
kindling
93
ethanol withdrawal can be _____
FATAL
94
progression of ethanol withdrawal is ______
variable
95
ethanol induced hangover is an ______ withdrawal syndrome mediated in part by _______ accumulation and _______
ACUTE withdrawal syndrome, ACETALDEHYDE accumulation, DEHYDRATION
96
severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms, can be fatal
delirium tremens
97
group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank during pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
98
assume ethanol interacts with
ALL MEDICATIONS
99
a persons _______ of alcohol use influences the effects of some medications
History
chronic alcohol use decreases effect of rifampin
100
some drug-alcohol interactions are ________
life threatening
alcohol + anti-coagulants
101
3 medications to treat Alcohol Use Disorder
Disulfiram, Naltrexone, Acamprosate
102
Disulfiram inhibits ______, which increases _____ concentrations after drinking. reinforces abstinence to avoid the adverse reaction
inhibits ALDH, increases acetaldehyde concentrations
103
which drug inhibits ALDH, which leads to acetaldehyde accumulation when drinking. which causes adverse effect that reinforce abstinence
Disulfiram
104
Naltrexone is a ______ receptor _______. decreases feelings of ______ and ______
opioid receptor antagonist, decreases reward and cravings
105
which drug is an opioid receptor antagonist, which causes a decreased feeling of reward and decreased cravings
Naltrexone
106
Acamprosate is a _______ receptor antagonist and an activator of ______ receptors. decreases _______ symptoms
NMDA receptor antagonist, activator of GABA
| decreases withdrawal symptoms
107
which drug is an NMDA receptor antagonist and an activator for GABA receptors which decreases withdrawal symptoms
Acamprosate
108
binge drinking brings a persons BAC to ____g% or above
0.08
109
binge drinking for men is ____ drinks and women is ____ drinks in ___ hours
men: 5 drinks, women: 4 drinks, in 2 hours
