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Toxicology Lec > Ethanol (Group 2) > Flashcards

Ethanol (Group 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Synonyms of ethanol:

A

Grain alcohol, Neutral spirit, Spiritus vini
Rectificatus, Jaysol, Dehydrated alcohol

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2
Q

Ethanol is used to manage and treat _________-

A

methanol/ethylene
glycol toxicity

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3
Q

In the clinical sector, ethanol is used for

A

disinfection and sterilization

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4
Q

Ethanol has _____________ (bactericidal/bacteriostatic) activity and is frequently
employed as a topical disinfectant

A

bactericidal

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5
Q

In pharmaceutical preparations, ethanol is widely used as

A

solvent and preservatives

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6
Q

Ethanol is also used as an innovative treatment
for ________________ in lieu of surgical procedures

A

neoplasms

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7
Q

T/F: Ethanol is practically non-toxic

A

True

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8
Q

most extensively used and
abused form of ethano

A

Alcohol

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9
Q

oldest and most
commonly misused substance, especially
in Western countries

A

Alcohol

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10
Q

a hazardous
medical condition that typically occurs after
consuming a significant amount of alcohol

A

Acute ethanol intoxication

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11
Q

While alcohol affects all demographic groups,
the most common presentations for
intoxication and toxicity are from

A

teenagers and adults

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12
Q

Absorption of alcohol occurs via the

A

proximal
gastrointestinal tract.

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13
Q

main enzyme in
the liver that breaks it down into acetaldehyde,
a toxic metabolite and a known carcinogen.

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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14
Q

In acute toxicity, the _____________ is the leading site of action

A

central nervous system
(CNS)

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15
Q

the
primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

GABA

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16
Q

GABA attaches itself to receptors, enabling
_______________ to enter the cell, thus _________ (increasing/reducing)
excitability

A

chloride; reducing

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17
Q

Alcohol potently binds to GABA receptors, thus
initiating the _______________, which causes
drowsiness, impaired cognitive dysfunction,
and damaged coordination

A

inhibitory cascade

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18
Q

Long-term alcohol consumption _________ (increases/decreases) the
number of GABA receptors

A

increases

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19
Q

Long-term alcohol consumption increases the
number of GABA receptors, which means that
increasing amounts of alcohol are needed to
produce the same level of inhibition. __________
is the term for this phenomenon

A

Tolerance

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20
Q

___________ are helpful in the withdrawal
process from alcohol.

A

benzodiazepines

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21
Q

main excitatory
neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

glutamate

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22
Q

T/F: Alcohol also INHIBITs glutamate

A

True

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23
Q

Individuals with alcohol use disorders have
more __________________ in their
bodies, and these receptors are _________ (more/less) sensitive to glutamate.

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA); more

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24
Q

When alcohol is stopped abruptly, people with
alcohol use disorders are more susceptible to
____________ and ____________ due to the
enhanced sensitivity to the said receptors

A

hallucinations and seizures

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25
Q

T/F: No antidote is available for acute ethanol
intoxication

A

True

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26
Q

T/F: Mainly supportive treatment is performed for ethanol poisoning

A

True

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27
Q

The first priority in treating ethanol poisoning is ___________

A

airway protection

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28
Q

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

A

Oxygen Therapy
IV Fluids
Thiamine
Oral glucose/IV dextrose bolus
antipsychotics/ketamine
hemodialysis
disulfiram
Gastric lavage

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29
Q

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

Providers can give oxygen using a _________ and intubation

A

nasal
cannula

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30
Q

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

Dehydration and Hypovolemia:

A

IV fluid bolus or
ongoing infusion

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31
Q

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

patients at risk for Thiamine deficiency

A

malnutrition, long-term ethanol
use, alcohol use disorder, or (in adults)
hypoglycemia

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32
Q

also recommended in the
setting of altered mental status

A

Thiamine

33
Q

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

Hypoglycemia

A

oral glucose if possible; IV dextrose
bolus

34
Q

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

Agitation and restlessness

A

Antipsychotics (haloperidol)
Ketamine (alternative)

35
Q

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

Hemodialysis is considered when:

◆ Ethanol concentration more
than ____________
◆ Severe ____________
◆ Severely impaired __________
function

A

750 mg/dL; metabolic acidosis; liver

36
Q

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

Alcohol use disorder

A

Disulfiram

37
Q

Blocks conversion of acetaldehyde to
acetic acid which produces side
effects that discourage people from
drinking alcohol

A

Disulfiram

38
Q

This drug is Deterrent to drinking

A

Disulfiram

39
Q

Muriatic acid, Chlorohydric acid, Hydrogen
chloride in aqueous solution

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

40
Q

T/f: HCl is highly soluble in water

A

True

41
Q

HCl is.a very ________ (corrosive/caustic) acid

A

corrosive

42
Q

process steel used in the
building and construction industry

A

HCl

43
Q

used in aluminum etching and
metal cleaning applications

A

HCl

44
Q

HCl is also used in large-scale production of
vinyl chloride used to make ____________ plastic

A

polyvinyl chloride
(PVC)

45
Q

used to produce polyurethane foam and calcium chloride

A

HCl

46
Q

When hydrochloric acid is mixed or
reacted with limestone, it forms
_______________, a type of salt to
de-ice roads

A

calcium chloride

47
Q

a chemical that prevents
the growth of slime in paper stock

A

Slimicide

48
Q

Used as Disinfectant and slimicide

A

HCl

49
Q

Household cleaners, pool maintenance, and
food manufacturing

A

Hcl

50
Q

production of batteries,
photoflash bulbs and fireworks; leather
processing, oil well acidizing, and producing
gelatin products

A

HCl

51
Q

Hydrogen chloride can cause irritation and
___________ to any tissue that comes into
contact with it

A

corrosion

52
Q

When hydrogen chloride gas is exposed to air,
it condenses with the moisture in the air to
form a dense ___________ vapor

A

white

53
Q

damages mucosal membranes and other
moist regions

A

HCl

54
Q

is
primarily dangerous due to its corrosive and
irritating qualities in acute and chronic
exposures

A

Strong mineral acid hydrogen chloride

55
Q

Exposure to hydrogen chloride primarily
occurs through

A

inhalation

56
Q

respiratory and sensory irritant, primarily
targeting the pharynx, larynx, mouth, eyes, skin,
nose, and trachea

A

HCl

57
Q

A ___________- hydrogen chloride inhalation has been
linked to upper respiratory tract edema,
discomfort, inflammation, and nose and throat
irritation that causes coughing

A

5 ppm

58
Q

T/F: Even an hour
of exposure to 50–100 ppm to HCl was almost
intolerable

A

True

59
Q

is an irritant- and or chemically-induced type of
asthma and can be brought on by exposure to
hydrogen chloride.

A

Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS)

60
Q

T/F:A rise in chloride ion concentration in the
blood, which results in an acid-base
imbalance, is an UNCOMMON and RARE
consequence of consuming large amounts of
hydrogen chloride

A

True

61
Q

T/F:Children’s increased metabolic rates may
make them MORE susceptible to substances
that interfere with basic metabolism

A

F: less

62
Q

Contact with hydrogen chloride gas or
concentrated hydrochloric acid can result in
________________ to the skin and mucous
membranes, potentially leaving disfiguring
scars.

A

deep burns

63
Q

T/F: Children have a HIGHER body weight to surface
area ratio, which makes them MORE
susceptible to skin-damaging substances.

A

True

64
Q

What are ocular damages that can result from exposure to concentrated
hydrogen chloride vapor or hydrochloric acid in
the eyes

A

Glaucoma, cataracts, and corneal cell death

65
Q

might result from exposure to diluted HCl
solutions

A

Surface ocular ulcers

66
Q

Acid ingestions can cause tissue damage by ____________. produces ____________ or eschar by desiccating
or denaturing the proteins in superficial tissue

A

coagulation necrosis; coagulum

67
Q

Concentrated hydrochloric acid ingestion can
result in

A

discomfort, dysphagia, nausea, and
vomiting

68
Q

T/f: Concentrated hydrochloric acid consumption
can potentially result in serious corrosive
damage to the stomach, throat, and
esophagus, with possible aftereffects
including bleeding, perforation, scarring, or
stricture formation.

A

True

69
Q

consuming concentrated
hydrochloric acid or being exposed to large
amounts of hydrogen chloride gas or
hydrochloric acid on the skin could _________ (increase/decrease)
blood pressure

A

decrease

70
Q

It usually takes __________ days for pulmonary
function to return to baseline following acute
exposure of HCl

A

7 to 14

71
Q

Treatment Option for HCl

A

Oxygen Therapy
Water and Soap
Tepid Plain Water or Saline
Water or Milk
Gastric Lavage
Bronchodilator
Racemic Epinephrine Aerosol

72
Q

Treatment Option for HCl:

Water and soap: Flush exposed skin and hair with water for ________________

A

3 to 5 minutes

73
Q

T/F: The use of blankets or warmers are recommended to avoid hypotermia when decontaminating adults and children with HCl toxicity

A

True

74
Q

Treatment Option for HCl:

Tepid plain water or saline is given to flush irritated eyes for

A

15 minutes

75
Q

T/F: For HCl poisoning, emesis can be induced

A

False: In cases of ingestion, do not induce emesis

76
Q

T/F: For HCl poisoning, activated charcoal can be induced

A

False: Activated charcoal or any attempt to neutralize
stomach contents must not be performed.

77
Q

Treatment Option for HCl:

Water or Milk should be given _________ to ______ ounces for adults. Children should receive ________ dose

A

4-8 ounces; half of adult’s dose

78
Q

Treatment Option for HCl:

Gastric lavage should only be considered if:
◆ a __________ dose has been ingested
◆ patient’s condition is evaluated within
__________ minutes
◆ patient has ___________ or persistent
__________ discomfort
◆ the lavage can be administered within
___________ of ingestion

A

large; 30; oral lesions; esophageal; 1 hour

79
Q

It must be provided to children who develop
stridor.

A

Racemic Epinephrine Aerosol

Toxicology Lec (4 decks)

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