Ethical Issues In Sport

Question 1

Evaluate having an early kick off time to prevent alcohol consumption

Answer 1

Media+ sponsors now dictate kick off time, many European games kick off at 8pm so people are likely to drink before.
If people want to drink, they will drink no matter what time it is

Question 2

Evaluate having an all-seated stadia

Answer 2

Seating costs a lot of money
There is less evidence of violence within stadium as spectators are seated
Fans can still mix

Question 3

Evaluate segregating fans

Answer 3

Less violence occurring in stands
Money is needed to police the segregations
Hooligans move away from the stadium to misbehave

Question 4

Evaluate travel restrictions/banning orders for trouble makers

Answer 4

Fewer hooligans can travel to matches
@ a cost of monitoring + closing pubs

Question 5

Evaluate improved policing and stewarding at stadiums

Answer 5

Less violence
Costs lots of money to train and pay stewards

Question 6

Evaluate using cctv cameras in stadiums

Answer 6

Very expensive
Effecting @ identifying hooligans + providing evidence to prosecute

Question 7

Definition of etiquette

Answer 7

Unwritten rules or customs concerning player behaviour. Includes upholding respect and fairness

Question 8

Example of players conduct:

Answer 8

Footballer kicking the ball out of play if opponent is injured
Shaking hands

Question 9

Definition of sportsmanship

Answer 9

Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating and using etiquette in a sporting event.

Question 10

Examples of sportsmanship:

Answer 10

• showing graciousness in victory and not being a sore loser
• telling football referee the ball is out of play
• helping rival player up if down injured

Question 11

Definition of gamesmanship

Answer 11

Using dubious methods that are not strictly illegal, to gain an advantage (bending the rules without breaking them)

Question 12

Examples of gamesmanship

Answer 12

• time wasting in a football game when winning
• distracting cricket batsman to try and put them off

Question 13

Definition of player’s contract to compete:

Answer 13

Agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win, but also allowing your opponent to play

Question 14

Ways to encourage sportsmanship:

Answer 14

• drug testing
• penalties can be awarded during play (e.g. yellow cards)
• clubs can be fined or points deducted
• positions can be awarded based on the player’s disciplinary record e.g. captaincy

Question 15

Definition of ergogenic aids

Answer 15

Techniques or substances used for the purposes of enhancing performance

Question 16

What are PEDS?

Answer 16

performance enhancing drugs

Question 17

What are stimulants?

Answer 17

Substances that speed up parts of the brain and body e.g. caffeine

Question 18

Why Is caffeine often used by endurance athletes?

Answer 18

To better transport fat in the blood, enabling them to play for longer and lessen the pain, enabling them to play at a higher intensity

Question 19

Positive effects of stimulants

Answer 19

• makes performer more alert
• reduces reaction time
• increases aggression

Question 20

Negative effects of stimulants

Answer 20

• highly addictive
• increases blood pressure
• increases risk of injury as performers are more tolerant to pain
• heart and liver problems
• increases risk of stroke
• diarrhoea (dehydration)

Question 21

What are narcotic analgesics?

Answer 21

Very strong painkillers e.g. morphine and heroin

Question 22

Positive effects of narcotic analgesics

Answer 22

• speed up recovery from training
• allow performer to train/compete with injury

Question 23

Negative effects of narcotic analgesics

Answer 23

• highly addictive
• if taken to hide an injury, the injury can worsen
• loss of concentration
• lower blood pressure e

Question 24

What are anabolic agents

Answer 24

PEDS that enhance the rate and a amount of muscle growth e.g. steroids

Question 25

Positive effects of anabolic agents:

Answer 25

- increase rate and amount of muscle growth - speed up recovery so able to train harder and more often - build up body weight, increase strength and size of muscles (muscular hypertrophy)

Question 26

Negative effects of anabolic agents:

Answer 26

- shrinks testicles in men - makes the user more aggressive - damages liver, kidney and heart - women may develop more body hair, smaller breasts and a deeper voice

Question 27

What is blood doping?

Answer 27

Involves the removal of blood a few weeks before competition. This blood them frozen and stored for later use. After the blood is removed, the body produces more red blood cells to make up for the lost blood. The blood is then reinjected 1-2 days before competition resulting in a much higher red blood cell content

Question 28

Pros of blood doping:

Answer 28

- fatigue slower - more red blood cells meaning more oxygen can be delivered to working muscles at a faster rate

Question 29

Cons of blood doping:

Answer 29

- increased risk of heart attack - thickening of blood - increased risk of contracting blood-based diseases

Question 30

What is EPO?

Answer 30

It increases production of red blood cells. Can be injected into an athlete - prompts the production of more red blood cells leading to more oxygen being delivered to muscles - benefits endurance events

Question 31

Negative side effects of EPO:

Answer 31

- blood thinkers so the heart has to work harder, increasing the risk of stroke and a heart attack - high blood pressure - reduces the body’s natural ability to make EPO

Question 32

What are diuretics?

Answer 32

Drugs taken to remove excess water from the body

Question 33

Positive effects of diuretics

Answer 33

- don’t actually improve performances - used to lose weight rapidly - dilutes presence of other PED’s (for blood tests)

Question 34

Negative effects of diuretics

Answer 34

- causes severe dehydration - lowers blood pressure - muscle cramps

Question 35

What are beta blockers?

Answer 35

Drugs taken to calm a performer down

Question 36

Positive effects of beta blockers on the body

Answer 36

- reduce the effects of nervousness and adrenaline - reduces heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure - improves fine motor control/precision

Question 37

Negative effects of beta blockers on the body

Answer 37

- thickens blood - potential infection - potential for a heart attack