ETHICS

Question 1

avoiding both excess and and deficiency

Answer 1

moderation

Question 2

principle that suggests that a moral behavior is one that it is in the middle of two extremes

Answer 2

doctrine of the mean

Question 3

when an action is constantly repeated

Answer 3

habit

Question 4

action becomes skills

Answer 4

education

Question 5

action becomes automatic

Answer 5

habitus

Question 6

certain actions

Answer 6

acts of human being (actus humanus) / acts of man

Question 7

rational actions

Answer 7

human acts (actus humanis)

Question 8

(3) the circular relation of acts and character

Answer 8

A. Repetition of Action and Its Effect of the Person
B. The Type of Action
C. Intention and Responsibility

Question 9

(3) repetition of action and its effect of the person

Answer 9

• habit
• education
• habitus

Question 10

(2) the type of action

Answer 10

• acts of human
• human acts

Question 11

american psychologists and educator known for his theory of moral development

Answer 11

lawrence kohlberg

Question 12

a comprehensive stage theory of moral development based on Jean Pigget’s theory

Answer 12

kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Question 13

the individual will obey in order to avoid punishment

Answer 13

Stage 1: Punishment / Obedient Orientation

Question 14

originates from the ancient Greek term
character, which initially referred to the mark on a coin.

Answer 14

Character

Question 15

is a set of qualities or characteristics that
distinguish one thing from another

Answer 15

distinctive feature

Question 16

refers to a person’s virtues and a sound moral compass, indicating their good character as a good person and citizen.

Answer 16

Moral character

Question 17

refers to an individual’s tendency to think, feel, and act in an ethical or unethical manner.

Answer 17

Ethical behavior

Question 18

Kohlberg proposed six moral development stages, grouped into
three levels: what are those?

Answer 18

• preconventional level
• conventional level
• postconventional level

Question 19

the individual focuses on receiving rewards

Answer 19

stage 2: instrumental purpose orientation

Question 20

behavior is determined by social approval

Answer 20

stage 3: good boy / nice girl orientations

Question 21

social rules and laws determine behavior

Answer 21

stage 4: law and order orientation

Question 22

individual rights determine behavior

Answer 22

stage 5: social contract orientation

Question 23

the highest stage of functioning

Answer 23

stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation

Question 24

refers to the ability to make sense
of facts, apply common sense, and justify changes based on existing
or new information.

Answer 24

Reason

Question 25

are based on reason, not personal preference, and are influenced by our feelings, attitudes, opinions, and desires, ensuring they are acted upon.

Answer 25

Moral judgments

Question 26

is a principle of justice that values individual interests and viewpoints

Answer 26

Impartiality

Question 27

ensures equal consideration for all parties involved

Answer 27

Impartiality in morality

Question 28

According to him, Morality is based on reason alone, and understanding this fundamental requirement leads to the realization

Answer 28

Immanuel Kant

Question 29

asserts that ethical decision-making is based on objective criteria, not bias

Answer 29

Jollimore (2011)

Question 30

is a psychological study that combines moral philosophy and moral development.

Answer 30

Moral reasoning, or moral development

Question 31

based on biblical principles, focuses on virtues, principles, and consequences, despite cultural, ethnic, and religious biases.

Answer 31

Scott Rae's 7-step moral reasoning model

Question 32

In moral decision-making, it's crucial to understand the general facts of the situation before making a decision.

Answer 32

Gather the Facts

Question 33

The ethical issue in a moral situation must be clearly stated, addressing the major moral dilemma.

Answer 33

Determine the ethical issues

Question 34

To make a moral dilemma decision, it is essential to identify and explain relevant ethical values and principles, which may come from philosophical, socio-cultural, socio-political, or religious traditions.

Answer 34

Determine what virtues / principles have a bearing on the case

Question 35

To determine a moral dilemma, identify relevant values, virtues, and principles, propose alternative courses of action, and evaluate their applicability, sensibility, and practicality.

Answer 35

List the alternatives

Question 36

This step may resolve the issue by eliminating all alternatives except one, satisfying relevant virtues and values, and often weighting principles and virtues with a good reason.

Answer 36

Compare the alternatives with the virtues / principles

Question 37

Consider alternatives and their potential benefits, estimating their weight

Answer 37

Consider the consequences

Question 38

After analyzing a moral dilemma, make a decision based on previous discussions and justify it.

Answer 38

Make a decision (including one’s justification for the decision)

Question 39

guide behavior, distinguishing right from wrong in interactions.

Answer 39

Moral frameworks

Question 40

improve behavior, instill respect, and enhance relationships.

Answer 40

Moral values

Question 40

leads to happiness through human flourishing through moral and intellectual excellences

Answer 40

Eudaimonia

Question 41

rooted in Aristotelian ethics, emphasizes character quality as the determinant of morality,

Answer 41

Virtue ethics

Question 42

based on Aristotelian principles, suggests that everything has a purpose, but this raises questions for those who don't believe in a divine planner,

Answer 42

St. Thomas' natural law ethics

Question 43

are a philosophical framework that explores the relationship between rights, legality, and morality

Answer 43

Kantian moral precepts

Question 44

These theories say that the rightness of an action does not depend entirely on its consequences.

Answer 44

NONCONSEQUENTIALIST THEORIES

Question 45

It asserts that the morally right action is the one that God commands.

Answer 45

Divine Command Theory

Question 46

A theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that follows the dictates of nature.

Answer 46

Natural Law Theory

Question 47

a form of duty ethics, compares actions against a duty or imperative,

Answer 47

Right ethics (Deontology)

Question 48

evaluate actions against a set of virtues, aiming to be virtuous,

Answer 48

Virtue Ethics

Question 49

A moral command, such as "be honest" for a good reputation, is based on personal motive or desire.

Answer 49

hypothetical imperatives

Question 50

are a set of moral principles that are universally accepted and enforced by all individuals.

Answer 50

categorical imperatives

Question 51

“Always act in such a way that the maxim of your action

Answer 51

UNIVERSALITY

Question 52

“Always treat humanity, whether in yourself or in other people,

Answer 52

RESPECT

Question 53

are commands to act without an end in mind, providing a strong reason to believe

Answer 53

Categorical imperatives

Question 54

suggest that the rightness of an action is determined by its consequences

Answer 54

CONSEQUENTIALIST THEORIES

Question 55

The morally right action is the one that balances good over evil for oneself

Answer 55

Ethical Egoism

Question 56

The morally right action balances good over evil, considering everyone's consideration.

Answer 56

Utilitarianism

Question 57

The right actions are those that directly lead to the greatest overall good

Answer 57

Act-utilitarianism

Question 58

The morally right action is one that, if generally followed, would result in the most favorable balance of good

Answer 58

Rule-utilitarianism